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THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA
Published electronically by its author, Norman Coombs, and
Project Gutenberg.
(C 1993) by Norman Coombs
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This text is based on the original publication:
THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA
The Immigrant Heritage of America
By Norman Coombs
Publisher: Twayne, (c 1972)
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction (ommitted from electronic version)
PART ONE From Freedom to Slavery
1. African Origins
The Human Cradle
West African Empires
The Culture of West Africa
2, The Human Market
The Slave Trade
Caribbean Interlude
3. Slavery As Capitalism
The Shape of American Slavery
North American and South American Slavery
Slavery and the Formation of Character
Slave Response
4. All Men Are Created Equal
Slavery and the American Revolution
Slave Insurrections
Growing Racism
Part Two. Emancipation without Freedom
5. A Nation Divided
Black Moderates and Militants
White Liberals
Growth of Extremism
6. From Slavery to Segregation
Blue, Gray, and Black
Reconstruction and Its Failure
The New Racism
7. Racism and Democracy
Fighting Jim Crow
Making the World Safe for Democracy
Urban Riots
The Klan Revival
Part Three. The Search For Equality
8. The Crisis of Leadership
The Debate Over Means and Ends
Booker T. Washington: The Trumpet of Conciliation
W. E. B. DuBois: The Trumpet of Confrontation
Marcus Garvey: The Trumpet of Pride
A. Philip Randolph: The Trumpet of Mobilization
9. The New Negro
Immigration and Migration
Harlem: "The Promised Land"
The Negro Renaissance
Black Nationalism
10. Fighting Racism at Home and Abroad
Hard Times Again
The Second World War
The U.S. and the U.N.
11. Civil Rights and Civil Disobedience
Schools and Courts
The Civil Rights Movement
12. The Black Revolt
Civil Disorders
Black Power
Epilogue
Notes and References (ommitted from electronic version)
Bibliography (ommitted from electronic version)
Index (ommitted from electronic version)
Preface
During the last several years, the study of American history
has turned a new direction. Previously, it emphasized how the
various immigrant groups inAmerica shed their divergent heritages
and amalgamated into a new nationality. More recently, scholars
and laymen alike have become more sensitive to the ways in
which these newcomers have kept aspects from their past alive,
and there is a new awareness of the degree to which ethnicity
continues as a force within America.
Most of the original settlers were British, Protestant, and
white. Many of the later arrivals differed from them, in one or
more ways. History books usually depicted these new waves of
immigrants as assimilating almost fully into American society.
However, recent writings have put more stress on the ethnic
diversities which remain and on the rich variety of contributions
which were made to the American scene by each new nationality.
This volume depicts the immigrants from Africa as one among
the many elements which created present-day America. On the one
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