- This article or section should be merged with Al-Anfal Campaign
The Anfal Campaign, which takes its name from surat Al-Anfal in the Quran, was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist regime for a campaign against the Kurdish community of northern Iraq. The campaign, which began in 1986 and lasted until 1989, and is said to have cost the lives of 182,000 civilian Kurds by Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. The campaign was headed by Ali Hasan al-Majid, a cousin of the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. The use of firing squads, mass deportation (Arabization), and chemical weapons earned al-Majid the nickname "Chemical Ali." The campaign involved the mass gassing of Halabja town which is thought to have killed 5,000 civilians.
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