Animation refers to the process in which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.

Graphics file formats like GIF, MNG and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.

Contents

1 Overview 2 History of animation 3 Famous names in animation 3.1 Famous names of the past 3.2 Famous names of the present day 4 Animation studios 4.1 Animation studios of the past 4.2 Animation studios of the present era 5 Styles of animation 6 Techniques 7 External links

Overview

Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.

Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized (some say exploited) by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television. It is also the basis of anime.

History of animation

Main article: History of animation

The history of film animation begins with the earliest days of silent film and continues through the present day. The first animated cartoon was from Frenchman �mile Reynaud, who created praxinoscope, animation system of 12 pictures, and films of about 500~600 pictures, projected on its own th�atre optique, system near from modern film projector, at Mus�e Gr�vin in Paris, France, the october 28, 1892.

The first animated cartoon on modern picture film projector was Fantasmagorie by the French director �mile Courtet (also called �mile Cohl), projected for the first time August 17, 1908 at 'Th��tre du Gymnase', in Paris. �mile Courtet went to Fort Lee, New York near New York City in 1912, where he worked for French studio �clair and spread its technique in the US.

The first animated feature-length film was El Ap�stol (1917) from Argentine Quirino Cristiani, shown in Argentina. Because the history of animation as an art form has undergone many changes in its hundred-year history, it is examined in detail in the History of animation series.

Famous names in animation

Famous names of the past

Tex Avery Ralph Bakshi Joseph Barbera Berthold Bartosch Mel Blanc Don Bluth Konstantin Bronzit Bob Clampett �mile Courtet Quirino Cristiani Shamus Culhane

Walt Disney Micha�l Dudok De Wit Max Fleischer Friz Freleng Oscar Fischinger Jacques-R�my Girerd Paul Grimault Zlatko Grgić William Hanna Ray Harryhausen John Hubley

Ub Iwerks Ollie Johnston Chuck Jones Kihachir� Kawamoto Jean-Fran�ois Laguionie Rene Laloux Walter Lantz Guionne Leroy Len Lye Winsor McCay Norman McLaren

Grim Natwick Lotte Reiniger Osamu Tezuka Frank Thomas Bill Tytla Frederico Valle Karel Zeman

Famous names of the present day

Richard Baneham Brad Bird Sylvain Chomet Peter Chung David Crognale Andreas Deja Paul Fierlinger Pierre H�bert Don Hertzfeldt Maddisson Hulme Glen Keane John Kricfalusi Wayne Lytle Seth MacFarlane Hayao Miyazaki Koji Morimoto Yuri Norstein

Michel Ocelot Nick Park Priit P�rn Bill Plympton Oliver Postgate Brothers Quay �mile Reynaud David Silverman Ladislas Starevich Jan Svankmajer Isao Takahata Bruce Timm Will Vinton Dušan Vukotić Wan brothers Giselle Wedemire Koji Yamamura

Animation studios

Animation studios of the past

• Bray Productions
• DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
• Filmation
• Fleischer Studio
• Grantray-Lawrence Animation
• Hanna-Barbera Productions
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
• Rankin-Bass
• Termite Terrace, a/k/a Warner Bros. Cartoons
• UPA
• Van Beuren Studios
• Walter Lantz Studio

Animation studios of the present era

Aardman Animation Banjax Cartoon Network Studios Cinar DiC Entertainment DPS Film Roman Folimage

Gainax GONZO Klasky Csupo Inc. Madhouse Production Mainframe Entertainment Marathon Studios National Film Board of Canada

Nelvana Pann�niaFilm DreamWorks Animation SKG Pixar Rhythm and Hues Smallfilms ŠAF

Spumco Sony Pictures Animation Studio 4�C Studio Ghibli Walt Disney Feature Animation Williams Street Studios Zagreb Film

Styles of animation

• Traditional animation
• Rotoscoping
• Computer animation
• Cutout animation
• Analog computer animation
• Motion capture
• Stop-motion animation
  • claymation
  • Pixilation
  • Puppet animation
• Limited animation
• Pinscreen animation
• Drawn on film animation

See also: Animated series, Anime (Japanese animation), List of movie genres

Techniques

• Onion skinning
• Cel shading

External links

• The Animation Department of the National Film and Television School UK  (http://www.nftsanimation.org)
• Animation Nation - a forum for professional animators (http://www.animationnation.com)
• Chronology of Animation (http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rllew/chronint.html)
• Animation links collection (http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rllew/animelinks.html)
• Zagreb Film (http://www.fh-wuerzburg.de/petzke/zagreb.html)
• SAF (http://www.safcakovec.com/), Čakovec school of animation
• Animation Directory (http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Animation/)
• Don Markenstein's Toonopedia (http://www.toonopedia.com)
• Big Cartoon Database (http://www.bcdb.com/)
• Golden Age of Cartoons (http://www.goldenagecartoons.com/)

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