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Bigrams are groups of two written letters, two syllables, or two words, and are very commonly used as the basis for simple statistical analysis of text; one of the most successful language models for Speech Recognition (Collins, 1996).
Gappy bigrams or skipping bigrams are word pairs which allow gaps (perhaps avoiding connecting words, or allowing some simulation of dependencies, as in a dependency grammar).
head word bigrams are gappy bigrams with an explicit dependency relationship.
The term is also used in cryptography, where Bigram frequency attacks have sometimes been used to attempt to solve [cryptograms. See frequency analysis.
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