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The CDC 7600 was the Seymour Cray-designed successor to the CDC 6600, extending Control Data's dominance of the supercomputer field into the 1970s. It was generally about ten times as fast as the 6600, and could deliver about 10 MFLOPS on hand-compiled code. Although the 7600 shared many features of the 6600, both in hardware as well as instructions and its 60-bit word size, it was not object-code compatible to the CDC 6600. In addition, it was not entirely source-code (COMPASS) compatible, as some instructions in the 7600 did not exist in the 6600, and vice-versa.
After the 6600 started to near production quality, Cray lost interest in it and turned to designing its replacement. Making a machine "somewhat" faster would not be too difficult in the late 1960s; the introduction of integrated circuits allowed for denser packing of components, and in turn a high clock speed. Transistors in general were also getting somewhat faster as the production processes and quality improved. However these sorts of improvements might be expected to make a machine twice as fast, perhaps as much as five times, but not the tenfold increase he demanded. Likewise the 6600 already had a hard time filling its existing ten functional units, so simply adding more parallelism wouldn't help all that much.
In order to solve this problem, Cray turned to the concept of an instruction pipeline. While the 6600 could work on several instructions at once, it had to wait for any one to complete it's trip through a functional unit before moving on to the next. For some period of time, the majority of the circuitry in any one unit was not being used. A pipeline improves on this by feeding in the next instruction before the first has completed, thereby having each unit effectively work in "parallel", as well as the machine as a whole. The improvement in performance generally depends on the number of steps the unit takes to complete, for instance, the 6600's divide unit took 10 cycles to complete an instruction, so by pipelining the units it could be expected to gain about 10 times the speed.
Things are never that simple, however. Pipelining requires that the unit's internals can be effectively separated to the point where each step of the operation is running on completely separate circuitry. This is rarely achievable in the real world. Nevertheless the newer packaging due to integrated circuits allowed the machine to shrink enough to reduce the clock cycle to 27.5ns from the 6600's 100, an almost 4x decrease, and the pipelining generally resulted in about 3 times the performance of the units themselves. The result was the tenfold increase Cray demanded.
However the same dense packing also led to the machines biggest problem -- heat. The machine generated so much heat that any sort of simple cooling solution was simply not possible. For the 7600, Cray turned to his refridgeration engineer, Dean Roush, formerly of Amanda. Rouch redesiged the modules (circuit boards) and attached the tops of the circuits to aluminum plates, which were in turn cooled by a liquid freon system running through the core of the machine. Since the system was mechanical and therefore prone to failure, the 7600 was redesigned into a large "C" shape to allow access to the modules on either side of the cooling piping by walking into the inside of the C and opening the cabinet.
Like the 6600, the 7600 used 60-bit words with instructions that were generally 15-bits in length (although there were longer versions). However the instruction set itself had changed to reflect the new internal memory layout, thereby rendering it incompabible with the earlier 6600. The machines were similar enough to make porting of compilers and operating systems possible without too much trouble. The machine initially did not come with software; sites had to be willing to write their own operating system, like LTSS [Livermore Time Sharing System], NCAROS, and others; and compilers like LRLTRAN [Livermore's version of Fortran with dynamic memory management and other non-standard features].
From the period from about 1969 to 1975, the CDC 7600 was generally regarded as the fastest computer in the world at the time excepting specialized units. However, even with the advanced mechanicals and cooling the 7600 was prone to failure. Both LLNL and NCAR reported that the machine would break down at least once a day, often 4 or 5 times. Acceptance at installation sites took years while the bugs were worked out, and while the machine generally sold well enough given its "high end" niche, it is unlikely the machine generated any sort of real profits for CDC. The successor CDC 8600 was never completed, and Seymour Cray went on to form his own company, Cray Research.
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