- This article is on the source of light. For other meanings see Candle (disambiguation)
A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal wick which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel. Typically the fuel is a form of wax with paraffin wax being the most common.
Usage
Prior to the domestication of electricity, candles were a common source of lighting, before, and later in addition to, the oil lamp. Due to local availability and the cost of resources, for several centuries up to the 19th century candles were more common in northern Europe, and olive oil lamps more common in southern Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea. Makers of candles were known as chandlers.
Today, candles are usually used for their aesthetic value, particularly to set a soft, warm, or romantic ambience, and for emergency lighting during electrical power failures. Scented candles are common in aromatherapy.
Religion
Candles are used in religious ceremonies.
Buddhism
See Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival
Christianity
In Christianity, they typically represent the light of Jesus. Votive candles may be lit as an accompaniment to prayer. Candles are lit by worshippers in front of icons in Orthodox and other churches. See also Paschal candle and Dikiri and trikiri.
Candlemas marks the end of the season of Epiphany.
Candles were traditionally used to light up Christmas trees before the advent of electric lights. They are still, even today, commonly used to decorate Christmas trees in Denmark. They are also used in Advent wreaths.
In Sweden (and other Scandinavian countries), St. Lucia Day is celebrated on December 13 with the crowning of a young girl with a ring of candles.
Judaism
In Judaism, candles are traditionally lit on Friday evening at the start of the weekly Sabbath celebration. The Jewish holiday of Chanukah, also known as the Festival of Lights, is celebrated by lighting a candle in a special candelabrum (menorah) each night during the eight-day holiday to commemorate the dedication of the altar in the Temple in Jerusalem.
Kwanzaa
Candles are also used in celebrations of Kwanzaa, which is an African American holiday which runs from December 26 to January 1.
Humanism
For Humanists, skeptics, and nontheists (and particularly secular humanists), candles have become a symbol of the light of reason or rationality. This association was inspired by Carl Sagan, who subtitled his 1997 book The Demon-Haunted World with "Science as a Candle in the Dark". The Humanist festival of HumanLight often features a candle-lighting ceremony.
Measurement
A candle burning on the fourth day of December. With the fairly consistent and measurable burning of a candle a common use was to tell the time, though the accuracy is debatable. Some candles have these measurements, usually in hours, marked along the wax.
In the days leading to Christmas some people burn a set amount to represent each day, as marked on the candle.
Fuel and candle holders
Candles can be made of paraffin (a byproduct of oil refining), stearin (now produced almost exclusively from palm waxes), beeswax (a by product of honey collection), some plant waxes (generally palm, carnuba, bayberry, or soy), or tallow (a no longer used byproduct of beef fat rendering). Candles are produced in various colors, shapes, sizes and scents. The most basic production method generally entails the liquification of the solid fuel by the controlled application of heat. This liquid is then poured into a mold to produce pillar candles, a fireproof jar to produce container candles, or a wick is repeatedly immersed in the liquid to create a dipped taper. Often times scents in the form of a polar or non-polar synthetic oil is added to the liquid wax prior to pouring. While natural scents can be used (in the form of essential oils) these are usually only found in premium small run candles. Candles may also be colored by the addition of some sort of coloring agent. In practical terms this is almost always an aniline based dye however, pigments can be used in some circumstances.
It is commonly believed that candles made of beeswax and/or soy burn more cleanly than petroleum based paraffin waxes. However, the amount of soot produced by a candle is generally more dependant on environmental conditions (drafts will often cause sooting) and the type of wick used (a poorly sized wick will lead to sooting). The inclusion of any scents and/or dyes will increase the amount of particulates put into the air by any candle regardless of construction materials. Candles made from natural waxes do have an advantage in that they are made from renewable resources. However, since paraffin is an unavoidable by-product of the petroleum refining process its use in candle making does not have a significant impact on petroleum depedence. Many candlemakers (also known as chandlers) make candles from natural waxes and are therefore relatively common.
Decorative candle holders, especially those shaped as a pedestal, are called candlesticks; if multiple candles are held, the term candelabrum is also used. The root form of chandelier is from the word for candle, though candles are rarely raised and hung today.
Hazards
Candles are a major cause of damaging fire in households.
Nota Bene: There is a common myth that there is lead in the wicks of candles and will released lead fumes. Lead cored wicks have not been in common use since the 1970s. While some very small percentage of candles might still be found to have lead cored wicks these are extremely rare. Most metal cored wicks use zinc or a zinc alloy.
See also
External links
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