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Missing image Morgan_Bible_28r_detail.jpg "David rejects the unaccustomed armour" (detail of fol. 28r of the 13th century Morgan Bible) Chainmail (also chain mail, chain maille, or just mail or maille) is a type of armour that consists of small metal rings put together in a pattern to form a mesh. Mail can be punctured by a spear or shorn by the blow from a heavy axe or sword, and its flexibility means that its wearer is still vulnerable to blunt weapons, but it was still an effective and popular defense. In preventing wounds which broke the skin, it increased the wearer's chance for survival after being wounded. Medieval physicians could usually set broken bones, but when it came to preventing infection they were woefully inadequate. Thus the mail was weak in defending against wounds which could be more easily mended but strong against those to which the soldier was most vulnerable.
HistoryMail was invented some time in the later 1st millennium BC, but it is unknown where and by whom it was first used. It may have been invented independently in Japan and in Europe. The earliest European examples known date to ca. the 2nd century BC, with the oldest examples possibly Etruscan. The Roman Empire first came into contact with mail when it invaded Gaul, and the Roman army soon adopted the technology for their secondary troops in the form of the Lorica Hamata. The use of mail was prominent throughout the High Middle Ages, and reached its apex in the 13th century, when full body suits of mail armour were developed. In the 14th century, plate armour began to replace mail. It could still be seen after this point being worn by those who could not afford plate, however, and it was also common to wear a shirt of mail beneath plate armour to protect the joints and the groin. EtymologyThe word chainmail is a pleonasm: in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, chain was the English name for it, while maille was the common French name for it. This—and the alternative spellings "maile" and "maille"—derive, through the Italian maglia, from the Latin [i]macula[/i], meaning "net". The composite term chainmail is a modern recharacterisation (see also titmouse), and etymologically conscious individuals prefer the simpler term maille. ManufactureSeveral patterns of linking the rings together have been known since ancient times, with the most common being the 1-to-4 pattern (where each ring is linked with four others). In Europe, the 1-to-4 pattern was almost completely dominant, with 1-to-6 being seen very rarely. In East Asia (primarily Japan), mail was also common, but here several more patterns were utilized and an entire nomenclature developed around them. In the Middle East, yet other patterns were developed and often combined with metal plates linked in with the rings. Historically, the rings composing a piece of mail would be riveted shut, to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an arrow. Some pieces were made of alternating rows of riveted and solid rings of steel punched from a sheet. In modern re-enactment (such as that of the Society for Creative Anachronism) and live action role-playing games (LARPs), suits of mail are hand-made from rings of wire. They may or may not be welded or soldered but are rarely riveted. They may also be made of split sprung steel washers. Usually two pairs of pliers are used to bend the washers open and closed while "knitting" the mail. The resulting mail is usually heavier than traditional wire-wound mail. Modern usesDuring World War I, mail was evaluated as a material for bullet proof vests, but results were unsatisfactory as the rings would fragment and further aggravate the damage. A mail fringe, designed by Captain Cruise of the British Infantry, was added to helmets to protect the face but this proved unpopular with soldiers, in spite of being proven to defend against a three-ounce shrapnel round fired at a distance of one hundred yards (92.3m). Today, there are machines which knit metal wires to produce protective mail, usually with rings welded together, for use in protective clothing for butchers and scuba divers, to protect against meat packing equipment and shark teeth, respectively. There is also anecdotal evidence to suggest that mail is superior to heavy leather for protecting motorcyclists from injury should they be thrown from their motorcycles. Mail also has applications in sculpture and jewelry, especially when made out of precious metals or colorful anodized metals. Recent trends in mail artwork include headdresses, Christmas ornaments, chess sets, and all manner of jewelry. In filmIn many films, knitted cloth spray-painted with a metallic paint is used instead of actual chainmail to cut down on cost. Films more dedicated to costume accuracy often use plastic rings, for the lower cost and weight. Thousands of such plastic mail coats were made for the The Lord of the Rings film. However, in Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, Tina Turner wore a real metal mail shirt that weighed over 40 pounds. Links
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