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Chlorophyll (ancient Greek: chloros = green and phyllon = leaf) is a green photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The first step in photosynthesis is when incoming light is absorbed by chlorophyll, ionizing it. The resulting chemical energy is then captured in the form of ATP, and ultimately to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen. Chlorophyll absorbs most in the red and blue portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus its intense green color.
Chemical structure
Chlorophyll is a chlorin pigment, which is structurally similar to porphyrin pigments such as heme. At the center of the chlorin ring is a magnesium ion. This has various side chains, usually including a long phytyl chain. There are a few different forms that occur naturally:
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| Chlorophyll a
| Chlorophyll b
| Chlorophyll c1
| Chlorophyll c2
| Chlorophyll d
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| Molecular formula
| C55H72O5N4Mg
| C55H70O6N4Mg
| C35H30O5N4Mg
| C35H28O5N4Mg
| C54H70O6N4Mg
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| C3 group
| -CH=CH2
| -CH=CH2
| -CH=CH2
| -CH=CH2
| -CHO
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| C7 group
| -CH3
| -CHO
| -CH3
| -CH3
| -CH3
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| C8 group
| -CH2CH3
| -CH2CH3
| -CH2CH3
| -CH=CH2
| -CH2CH3
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| C17 group
| -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl
| -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl
| -CH=CHCOOH
| -CH=CHCOOH
| -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl
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| C17-C18 bond
| Single
| Single
| Double
| Double
| Single
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| Occurence
| Universal
| Mostly in land plants
| Various algae
| Various algae
| Some red algae
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Evidence for chlorophyll
 Absorbance spectra of by chlorophyll a ( green) and b ( red) Chlorophyll can be shown to be vital for photosynthesis by destarching a leaf from a variegated plant and exposing it to light for several hours. (Variegated leaves have green areas that contain chlorophyll and white areas that have none.) When tested with iodine solution, a color change revealing the presence of starch occurs only in regions of the leaf that were green and therefore contained chlorophyll. This shows that photosynthesis does not occur in areas where chlorophyll is absent and constitutes evidence that the presence of chlorophyll is a requirement for photosynthesis.
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