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The United States Congress passed the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C.A. ยง1251 et seq. (1972), and it became known as the Clean Water Act after Congress passed significant set of amendments to it in 1977.
This legislation established the symbolic goals of eliminating water release of toxic amounts of toxic substances, eliminating additional water pollution by 1985, and ensuring that surface waters would meet standards necessary for human sports and recreation by 1983.
To achieve this, it required that individuals obtain permits before releasing any pollutants into U.S. waters (including wetlands), and allowed EPA to create effluent limits for point sources (releases of discrete streams of wastewater, such as from factory pipes), based on Best Available Technology standards. These standards were set as an enforceable national minimum and preempted state legislation. In addition to technology-based standards, it also required that surface waters meet health and water quality-based standards that would create waters that would be safe enough for activities such as fishing and swimming.
To assist municipalities in creating wastewater treatment plants that capable of meeting these standards, the CWA established a system to provide federal financial assistance, first in the form of construction grants, which were modified several times later replaced by the State Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund in 1987.
Other important aspects of the CWA include a citizen suit provision, a pollutant trading system, and the use of Supplemental Environmental Programs in addition to significant fines in the enforcement process.
The Clean Water Act succeeded in drastically reducing water pollution. By the beginning of the 21st Century, waterfront development was a major goal in localities throughout America. 90% of new development in New York State was waterfront development. A member of the North Delaware Riverfront Task Force, State Rep. Mark B. Cohen of Philadelphia, said that "The reduction of water pollution gave new life to many old urban and industrialized areas. Formerly useless land suddenly became highly desirable, and the vision of an East Coast Greenway, spanning from Maine to Florida, became a reasonable goal to work towards."
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