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The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. Historically, they were the clergy of the city of Rome: they were the priests serving the Pope as the Bishop of Rome (hence, they were assigned duties in parishes of the city).
Today the only roles of the College are participating in papal elections when the Holy See is vacant (a meeting for such a purpose is called a "conclave") and advising the Roman Pontiff about Church matters (in the consistory). The College has no ruling power except for the sede vacante period, where its powers are still extremely limited (see Universi Dominici Gregis). The prefects of Vatican Congregations are always Cardinals.
The president and vice-president of the college are the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Sub-Dean. Both are elected by the cardinals holding suburbicarian dioceses, but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding, the Dean has no power of governance over the cardinals, instead acting as primus inter pares.
Although the rules of the Conclave explicitly say the Pope need not be chosen from among the ranks of the Cardinals, that has been the norm since the election of Urban VI in 1378.
Since January 1, 1971, the cardinals over age 80 have not had a vote in the election of popes, under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentam Aetatem.
Members of the College of Cardinals
Cardinals are shown in order of precedence (based on seniority by date of appointment). The list is correct as of February 2005. Cardinals aged 80 or over will not be eligible to take part in the Conclave which elects the next Pope are indicated with an asterisk(*). Fourteen of the Cardinals were appointed during the reign of Pope Paul VI. All the others were appointed during Pope John Paul II's reign. There are three ranks of Cardinals: Cardinal Bishops, Cardinal Priests, and Cardinal Deacons. Almost all Cardinals are also bishops.
Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
Titular Bishops of seven suburbicarian sees
Patriarchs of Oriental Rites
- 2/28/1994: Nasrallah Pierre Cardinal Sfeir* (Lebanon) - born May 15 1920 Maronite Patriarch of Antioch (lives in Beirut)
- 2/21/2001: Stephanos II Cardinal Ghattas* (Egypt) - born January 16 1920 Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria
- 2/21/2001: Ignace Moussa I Cardinal Daoud (Syria) - born September 18 1930 President of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and former Armenian Rite Patriarch of Cilicia
Cardinals of the Order of Priests
Consistory of 28 April 1969
Consistory of 5 March 1973
Consistory of 24 May 1976
Consistory of 30 June 1979
- Giuseppe Cardinal Caprio* (Italy) - born November 15 1914 Retired President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
- Marco Cardinal Cé (Italy) - born July 8 1925 Retired Patriarch of Venice
- Ernesto Cardinal Corripio Ahumada* (Mexico) - born June 29 1919 Retired Archbishop of Mexico City
- Franciszek Cardinal Macharski (Poland) - born May 20 1927 Archbishop of Krakow
Consistory of 2 February 1983
Consistory of 25 May 1985
- Duraisamy Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy* (India) - born February 5 1924 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and former Archbishop of Bangalore
- Francis Cardinal Arinze (Nigeria) - born November 1 1932 Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Sacraments
- Antonio Cardinal Innocenti* (Italy) - born August 23 1915 Retired as President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei,previously Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
- Miguel Cardinal Obando Bravo (Nicaragua) - born February 2 1926 Archbishop of Managua
- Paul Augustin Cardinal Mayer* (Germany) - born May 23 1911 Retired as President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei (preceded Cardinal Innocenti) and previously Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
- Angel Cardinal Suquía Goicoechea* (Spain) - born October 2 1916 Retired Archbishop of Madrid
- Ricardo J. Cardinal Vidal (Philippines) - born February 6 1931 Archbishop of Cebu
- Henryk Roman Cardinal Gulbinowicz (Poland) - long reported as born October 17 1928 but announced February 2 2005 that he had lied about his age in 1944 and was really born in 1923 [1] (http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=35043) Retired Archbishop of Wroclaw
- Jozef Cardinal Tomko* (Slovakia) - born March 11 1924 President of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses and former Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
- Andrzej Maria Cardinal Deskur* (Poland) - born February 29 1924 President of the Pontifical Academy of the Immaculate Conception,formerly President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications
- Paul Cardinal Poupard (France) - born August 30 1930 President of the Pontifical Council for Culture
- Louis-Albert Cardinal Vachon* (Canada) - born February 4 1912 Retired Archbishop of Quebec City
- Rosalio José Cardinal Castillo Lara* (Venezuela) - born September 4 1922 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City
- Friedrich Cardinal Wetter (Germany) - born February 20 1928 Archbishop of Munich and Freising
- Silvano Cardinal Piovanelli* (Italy) - born February 21 1924 Retired Archbishop of Florence
- Adrianus Johannes Cardinal Simonis (Netherlands) - born November 26 1931 Archbishop of Utrecht
- Édouard Cardinal Gagnon* (Canada) - born January 15 1918 Retired President of the Pontifical Committee for the International Eucharistic Congresses
- Alfons Maria Cardinal Stickler* (Austria) - born August 23 1910 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- Bernard Francis Cardinal Law (USA) - born November 4 1931 Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major and former Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts
- Giacomo Cardinal Biffi (Italy) - born June 13 1928 Retired Archbishop of Bologna
Consistory of 28 June 1988
- Eduardo Cardinal Martínez Somalo (Spain) - born March 31 1927 Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church
- Achille Cardinal Silvestrini* (Italy) - born October 25 1923 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
- Angelo Cardinal Felici* (Italy) - born July 26 1919 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei (succeeded Cardinal Innocenti) and previously Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
- José Cardinal Freire Falcão (Brazil) - born October 23 1925 Retired Archbishop of Brasilia
- Michele Cardinal Giordano (Italy) - born September 26 1930 Archbishop of Naples
- Alexandre José Maria Cardinal dos Santos* (Mozambique) - born March 18 1924 Retired Archbishop of Maputo
- Giovanni Cardinal Canestri* (Italy) - born September 30 1918 Retired Archbishop of Genoa
- Antonio María Cardinal Javierre Ortas* (Spain) - born February 21 1921 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
- Simon Ignatius Cardinal Pimenta* (India) - born March 1 1920 Retired Archbishop of Bombay
- Edward Bede Cardinal Clancy* (Australia) - born December 13 1923 Retired Archbishop of Sydney
- Edmund Casimir Cardinal Szoka (USA) - born September 14 1927 President of the Governorate of Vatican City and former Archbishop of Detroit
- László Cardinal Paskai (Hungary) - born May 8 1927 Retired Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest
- Christian Wiyghan Cardinal Tumi (Cameroon) - born October 15 1930 Archbishop of Douala
- Jean Cardinal Margéot* (Mauritius) - born February 23 1916 Retired Bishop of Port-Louis
Consistory of 28 June 1991
- Frédéric Cardinal Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi (Congo) - born December 3 1930 Archbishop of Kinshasa
- Nicolás de Jesús Cardinal López Rodriguez (Dominican Republic) - born October 31 1936 Archbishop of Santo Domingo
- Roger Michael Cardinal Mahony (USA) - born February 27 1936 Archbishop of Los Angeles, California
- Anthony Joseph Cardinal Bevilacqua* (USA) - born June 17 1923 Retired Archbishop of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Giovanni Cardinal Saldarini* (Italy) - born December 11 1924 Retired Archbishop of Turin
- Cahal Brendan Cardinal Daly* (Ireland) - born October 1 1917 Retired Archbishop of Armagh
- Camillo Cardinal Ruini (Italy) - born February 19 1931 Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome
- Ján Chryzostom Cardinal Korec* (Slovakia) - born January 22 1924 Bishop of Nitra
- Henri Cardinal Schwery (Switzerland) - born June 14 1932 Bishop of Sion
- Georg Maximilian Cardinal Sterzinsky (Germany) - born February 9 1936 Archbishop of Berlin
- Pio Cardinal Laghi* (Italy) - born May 21 1922 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
- Edward Idris Cardinal Cassidy* (Australia) - born July 5 1924 Retired President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity
- José Tomas Cardinal Sánchez* (Philippines) - born March 17 1920 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
- Virgilio Cardinal Noè* (Italy) - born March 30 1922 Retired Vicar General for the State of Vatican City and Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica
- Fiorenzo Cardinal Angelini* (Italy) - born August 1 1916 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers
Consistory of 26 November 1994
- Miloslav Cardinal Vlk (Czech Republic) - born May 17 1932 Archbishop of Prague
- Peter Seiichi Cardinal Shirayanagi (Japan) - born June 17 1928 Retired Archbishop of Tokyo
- Adolfo Antonio Cardinal Suárez Rivera (Mexico) - born January 9 1927 Retired Archbishop of Monterrey
- Julius Riyadi Cardinal Darmaatmadja (Indonesia) - born December 20 1934 Archbishop of Jakarta
- Jaime Lucas Cardinal Ortega y Alamino (Cuba) - born October 18 1936 Archbishop of San Cristobal de la Habana
- Emmanuel Cardinal Wamala (Uganda) - born December 15 1926 Archbishop of Kampala
- William Henry Cardinal Keeler (USA) - born March 4 1931 Archbishop of Baltimore
- Jean-Claude Cardinal Turcotte (Canada) - born June 26 1930 Archbishop of Montreal
- Ricardo María Cardinal Carles Gordó (Spain) - born September 24 1926 Retired Archbishop of Barcelona
- Adam Joseph Cardinal Maida (USA) - born March 18 1930 Archbishop of Detroit
- Vinco Cardinal Puljic (Bosnia and Herzegovina) - born September 8 1945 Archbishop of Sarajevo
- Armand Gaétan Cardinal Razafindratandra (Madagascar) - born August 7 1925 Archbishop of Antananarivo
- Paul Joseph Cardinal Pham Dình Tung* (Vietnam) - born June 15 1919 Archbishop of Hanoi (no longer actively governing but not formally retired)
- Juan Cardinal Sandoval Íñiguez (Mexico) - born March 28 1933 Archbishop of Guadalajara
- Kazimierz Cardinal Swiatek* (Belarus) - born October 21 1914 Archbishop of Minsk
- Ersilio Cardinal Tonini* (Italy) - born July 20 1914 Retired Archbishop of Ravenna
Consistory of 21 February 1998
- Salvatore Cardinal De Giorgi (Italy) - born September 6 1930 Archbishop of Palermo
- Serafim Cardinal Fernandes de Araújo* (Brazil) - born August 13 1924 Retired Archbishop of Belo Horizonte
- Antonio María Cardinal Rouco Varela (Spain) - born August 24 1936 Archbishop of Madrid
- Aloysius Matthew Cardinal Ambrozic (Canada) - born January 27 1930 Archbishop of Toronto
- Dionigi Cardinal Tettamanzi (Italy) - born March 14 1934 Archbishop of Milan
- Polycarp Cardinal Pengo (Tanzania) - born August 5 1944 Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam
- Christoph Cardinal Schönborn (Austria) - born January 22 1945 Archbishop of Vienna
- Norberto Cardinal Rivera Carrera (Mexico) - born June 6 1942 Archbishop of Mexico City
- Francis Eugene Cardinal George (USA) - born January 16 1937 Archbishop of Chicago
- Paul Cardinal Shan Kuo-hsi* (Taiwan) - born December 3 1923 Bishop of Kaohsiung
- Adam Cardinal Kozlowiecki* (Poland) - April 1 1911 Retired Archbishop of Lusaka
- Marian Cardinal Jaworski (Ukraine) - born August 21 1926 Latin Rite Archbishop of Lviv
- Janis Cardinal Pujats (Latvia) - born November 14 1930 Archbishop of Riga
Consistory of 21 February 2001
- Antonio José González Zumárraga (Ecuador) - born March 18 1925 Retired Archbishop of Quito
- Ivan Cardinal Dias (India) - born April 14 1936 Archbishop of Bombay
- Geraldo Majella Cardinal Agnelo (Brazil) - born October 19 1933 Archbishop of Sao Salvador de Bahia
- Pedro Cardinal Rubiano Sáenz (Colombia) - born September 13 1932 Archbishop of Bogota
- Theodore Edgar Cardinal McCarrick (USA) - born July 7 1930 Archbishop of Washington, D.C.
- Desmond Cardinal Connell (Ireland) - born March 24 1926 Retired Archbishop of Dublin
- Audrys Juozas Cardinal Backis (Lithuania) - born February 1 1937 Archbishop of Vilnius
- Francisco Javier Cardinal Errázuriz Ossa (Chile) - born September 5 1933 Archbishop of Santiago de Chile
- Julio Cardinal Terrazas Sandoval (Bolivia) - born March 7 1936 Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra
- Wilfrid Fox Cardinal Napier (South Africa) - born March 8 1941 Archbishop of Durban
- Oscar Andrés Cardinal Rodríguez Maradiaga (Honduras) - born December 29 1942 Archbishop of Tegucigalpa
- Bernard Cardinal Agré (Ivory Coast) - born March 2 1926 Archbishop of Abidjan
- Juan Luis Cardinal Cipriani Thorne (Peru) - born December 28 1943 Archbishop of Lima
- Francisco Cardinal Álvarez Martínez (Spain) - born July 14 1925 Retired Archbishop of Toledo
- Cláudio Cardinal Hummes (Brazil) - born August 8 1934 Archbishop of Sao Paulo
- Varkey Cardinal Vithayathil (India) - born May 29 1927 Syro-Malabar Rite Major-Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly
- Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio (Argentina) - born December 17 1936 Archbishop of Buenos Aires
- José Cardinal da Cruz Policarpo (Portugal) - born February 26 1936 Patriarch of Lisbon
- Severino Cardinal Poletto (Italy) - born March 18 1933 Archbishop of Turin
- Cormac Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor (England) - born August 24 1932 Archbishop of Westminster
- Edward Michael Cardinal Egan (USA) - born April 2 1932 Archbishop of New York, New York
- Lubomyr Cardinal Husar (Ukraine) - born February 26 1933 Ukrainian Rite Major-Archbishop of Lviv
- Karl Cardinal Lehmann (Germany) - born May 16 1936 Bishop of Mainz
- Jean Cardinal Honoré* (France) - born August 13 1920 Retired Archbishop of Tours
Consistory of 21 October 2003
- Angelo Cardinal Scola (Italy) - born November 7 1941 Patriarch of Venice
- Anthony Olubumni Cardinal Okogie (Nigeria) - born June 16 1936 Archbishop of Lagos
- Bernard Cardinal Panafieu (France) - born January 26 1931 Archbishop of Marseille
- Gabriel Cardinal Zubeir Wako (Sudan) - born February 27 1939 Archbishop of Khartoum
- Carlos Cardinal Amigo Vallejo (Spain) - born August 23 1934 Archbishop of Seville
- Justin Francis Cardinal Rigali (USA) - born April 19 1935 Archbishop of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Keith Michael Patrick Cardinal O'Brien (Scotland) - born March 17 1938 Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh
- Eusebio Oscar Cardinal Scheid (Brazil) - born December 8 1932 Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro
- Ennio Cardinal Antonelli (Italy) - born November 18 1936 Archbishop of Florence
- Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone (Italy) - born December 2 1934 Archbishop of Genoa
- Peter Kodwo Appiah Cardinal Turkson (Ghana) - born October 11 1948 Archbishop of Cape Coast
- Telesphore Placidus Cardinal Toppo (India) - born October 13 1939 Archbishop of Ranchi
- George Cardinal Pell (Australia) - born April 8 1941 Archbishop of Sydney
- Josip Cardinal Bozanic (Croatia) - born March 20 1949 Archbishop of Zagreb
- Jean-Baptiste Cardinal Pham Minh Mán (Vietnam) - born 1934 (birthday not recorded) Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City
- Rodolfo Cardinal Quezada Toruño (Guatemala) - born March 8 1932 Archbishop of Guatemala City
- Philippe Cardinal Barbarin (France) - born October 17 1950 Archbishop of Lyon
- Peter Cardinal Erdö (Hungary) - born June 25 1952 Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest
- Marc Cardinal Ouellet (Canada) - born June 8 1944 Archbishop of Quebec City
Cardinals of the Order of Deacons
Cardinal-Deacons have the right to become Cardinal Priests after ten years as Cardinal Deacons. It is thought likely that those elevated in the consistory of 1994 will exercise this right at the next consistory.
Consistory of 26 November 1994
- Luigi Cardinal Poggi* (Italy) - born November 25 1917 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- Carlo Cardinal Furno* (Italy) - born December 2 1921 Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem and Retired Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major
- Gilberto Cardinal Agustoni* (Switzerland) - born July 26 1922 Retired Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
Consistory of 21 February 1998
- Jorge Arturo Cardinal Medina Estévez (Chile) - born December 23 1926 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
- Dario Cardinal Castrillón Hoyos (Colombia) - born July 4 1929 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy and President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
- Lorenzo Cardinal Antonetti* (Italy) - born July 31 1922 Pontifical Delegate for the Patriarchal Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi and Retired President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
- James Francis Cardinal Stafford (USA) - born July 26 1932 Major Penitentiary
- Giovanni Cardinal Cheli* (Italy) - born October 4 1918 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
- Dino Cardinal Monduzzi* (Italy) - born April 2 1922 Prefect of the Pontifical Household
Consistory of 21 February 2001
- Agostino Cardinal Cacciavillan (Italy) - born August 14 1926 Retired President of the Administration of the Apostolic See (succeeded Cardinal Antonetti)
- Sergio Cardinal Sebastiani (Italy) - born April 11 1931 President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
- Zenon Cardinal Grocholewski (Poland) - born October 11 1939 Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
- José Cardinal Saraiva Martins (Portuguese) - born January 6 1932 Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
- Crescenzio Cardinal Sepe (Italy) - born June 2 1943 Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
- Jorge María Cardinal Mejía* (Argentina) - born January 31 1923 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- Mario Francesco Cardinal Pompedda (Italy) - born April 18 1929 Retired Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
- Walter Cardinal Kasper (Germany) - born March 5 1933 President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity
- Roberto Cardinal Tucci* (Italy) - born April 19 1921 Priest of the Society of Jesus and retired President of the Administrative Committee of Vatican Radio
- Leo Cardinal Scheffczyk* (Germany) - born February 21 1920 Prelate of Honor of His Holiness and member of Pontifical Academies, Retired Professor of Dogmatic Theology
- Avery Cardinal Dulles* (USA) - born August 24 1918 Priest of the Society of Jesus and Professor of Theology at Fordham University
Consistory of 21 October 2003
- Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran (France) - born April 3 1943 Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- Renato Raffaele Cardinal Martino (Italy) - born November 23 1932 President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
- Francesco Cardinal Marchisano (Italy) - born June 25 1929 President of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See and Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica
- Julian Cardinal Herranz Casado (Spain) - born March 31 1930 President of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts
- Javier Cardinal Lozano Barragán (Mexico) - born January 26 1933 President of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
- Stephen Fumio Cardinal Hamao (Japan) - born March 9 1930 President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
- Attilio Cardinal Nicora (Italy) - born March 16 1937 President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
- George Marie Martin Cardinal Cottier (Switzerland) - born April 25 1922 Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household and retired Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission
- Tomas Cardinal Spidlik (Czech Republic) - born December 17 1919 Consultor of Vatican Congregations
- Stanislaw Cardinal Nagy* (Poland) - born September 30 1921 Titular Archbishop of Holar and retired Professor of Theology
In 2003 the Pope announced he was also creating one cardinal secretly (in pectore), which would take effect if the appointment were announced before the Pope's death. This cardinal is believed to reside in the People's Republic of China.
See also
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