Court citation is a standard system used in common law countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada to uniquely identify past court cases.

Contents

1 United States 1.1 United States Supreme Court 1.2 Lower federal courts 1.3 State courts 1.4 Unpublished decisions 1.5 "Pin" cites 2 Britain and the Commonwealth 3 Types of Citations 4 See also 5 External link

United States

The standard case citation format in the United States is:

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)

where:

• Roe v. Wade is the name of the case,
• 410 is the volume number of the "reporter" it appears in,
• U.S. is the abbreviation of the reporter,
• 113 is the page number where the opinion begins, and
• 1973 is the year in which the opinion was published.

These numbers are used to find a particular case if, for example, you wanted to look up a case (in the particular book it was printed in) at a law library, or do a search for the case over the Internet.

This format also allows different cases with the same parties to be easily differentiated. For example, looking for the U.S. Supreme Court case of Miller v. California would yield four cases, some involving different people named Miller, and all involving different issues.

United States Supreme Court

Cases from the Supreme Court of the United States are officially printed in the United States Reports (U.S.). A citation to the United States Reports looks like this:

• Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1952)
• Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)

There are also two unofficial reporters, the Supreme Court Reporter (S.Ct.) and the Lawyer's Edition (L.Ed.), which are printed by private companies and provide further annotations to the opinions of the Court. Although a citation to the latter two is not required, some attorneys and legal writers prefer to cite all three at once:

• Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965)

The "2d" after the L.Ed. signifies the second series of the Lawyers' Edition. United States case reporters are sequentially numbered, but the volume number is never higher than 999. When volume 1,000 is reached, the volume number is reset to 1 and a "2d" is appended after the reporter's abbreviation. Some case reporters are in their third series, and a few are approaching their fourth.

Lower federal courts

United States court of appeals cases are published in the Federal Reporter (F., F.2d, or F.3d). United States district court cases are published in the Federal Supplement (F. Supp. or F. Supp. 2d). Both are published by the West Publishing Company.

When lower federal court opinions are cited, the citation usually includes the name of the court. This is placed in the parentheses immediately before the year. Some examples:

• Geary v. Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish School, 7 F.3d 324 (3d Cir. 1993) - a case in the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
• Glassroth v. Moore, 229 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (M.D. Ala. 2002) - a case in the District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

State courts

State court decisions are published in several places. Many states have their own state reporter, which publishes decisions of that state's highest court. These reporters have the same abbreviation as that state.

• Palsgraf v. Long Island R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928) - a case in the New York Court of Appeals

In addition to the official reporters, West Publishing Company publishes several series of "regional reporters" which cover several states each. These include the North Eastern Reporter, Atlantic Reporter, South Eastern Reporter, South Western Reporter, North Western Reporter, and Pacific Reporter. California, Illinois, and New York also each have their own line of West reporters, because of the large volume of cases generated in those states. Some smaller states (like South Dakota) have stopped publishing their own official reporters, and instead have certified the appropriate West regional reporter as their "official" reporter.

Here are some examples of how to cite West reporters:

• Jackson v. Commonwealth, 583 S.E.2d 780 (Va. App. 2003) - a case in the Virginia Court of Appeals published in the South Eastern Reporter
• Foxworth v. Maddox, 137 So. 161 (Fla. 1931) - a case in the Florida Supreme Court published in the Southern Reporter
• People v. Brown, 282 N.Y.S.2d 497 (1967) - a case in the New York Court of Appeals published in the New York Supplement

Abbreviations for lower courts vary by state, as each state has its own system of trial courts and intermediate appellate courts.

When a case appears in both an official reporter and a regional reporter, either citation can be used. Many lawyers prefer to include both citations. Many state courts require that both citations be used when citing cases from any court in that state's system (a practice technically known as "parallel citations").

Some states, notably California and New York, have their own citation systems which differ significantly from the various federal and national standards. Citations in California style put the year between the names of the parties and the reference to the case reporter. Citations in New York style wrap the year in brackets instead of parentheses. New York wraps either the entire citation or the case reporter reference in parentheses, and California wraps the entire citation in parentheses when it is used in a stand-alone sentence, which differs from the national style of simply dropping in the citation as a separate clause or sentence without further adornment. Both systems use less punctuation and spacing in their abbreviations.

For example, the Brown case above would be cited (using the official reporter) to a New York court as:

• (People v. Brown, 20 NY2d 238 [1967]).

And the famous Greenman product liability case would be cited to a California court as:

• (Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., (1963) 59 Cal.2d 57.)

Unpublished decisions

A growing number of court decisions are not published in case reporters, often when judges do not want their decisions to become precedential. Attorneys have several options in citing these.

• For recently-decided cases which will eventually be published, the docket number from the court can be used as a citation.
• Cases which are intentionally left unpublished are often "published" on computer services, such as LexisNexis and Westlaw. These services have their own citation formats based on serial numbers. A Westlaw citation looks like this: Fuqua Homes, Inc. v. Beattie, 2004 WL 2495842 (8th Cir. November 8, 2004).

"Pin" cites

In practice, most lawyers go one step farther, once they have developed the correct citation for a case using the rules discussed above. Most court opinions contain holdings on multiple issues, so lawyers need to cite to the page that contains the specific holding they wish to invoke in their own case.

For example, in Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the word "person" as used in the Fourteenth Amendment does not include the unborn. A full pin cite to Roe for the page with that holding would be as follows: Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 158 (1973).

Britain and the Commonwealth

Before 1865, English courts used a large number of privately-printed reporters, and cases were cited based on which reporter they appeared in. (This system was also used in the United States and other common law jurisdictions during that period).

In 1865, many English cases were reprinted in a set of volumes called English Reports, abbreviated E.R. Between 1865 and 1875, decisions were published in the Law Reports, or L.R.

Since 1875, different British courts have used different abbreviations in their citations. Common citations include Q.B.D. for Queen's Bench Division, Ch. D. for Chancery Division, and Ex. D. for Exchequer Division.

In the UK and other Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation "R," for rex (king) or regina (queen), is used for cases in which the state is a party. R v. Dudley and Stephens, for instance, was a criminal case in which the British government prosecuted Dudley and Stephens.

Citations from the Commonwealth are generally similar to U.S. court citations. The primary difference is that the year is placed in brackets between the title of the case and the citation; this is because the volume numbers of the reporters start anew each year. The Canadian Supreme Court case of R v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., found in the 1985 edition of the Supreme Court Reporter, volume 1, page, 295, would be cited as R v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 295. Usually, square brackets indicate that the volume of the report cited can only be identified with reference to the year. In this case, you would refer to the first volume published in 1985. Rounded brackets indicate that the year is not an essential part of the citation. For example, the citation Holis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 indicates that the report of the case can be found at page 21 of volume 207 of the Commonwealth Law Reports.

Some courts have done away with volume numbers entirely. The Supreme Court of Ireland cites cases by year and page number; e.g. Aer Rianta Cpt v. Ryanair Ltd., [2004] IESC 24 (2 April 2004).

Types of Citations

There are two types of citations: proprietary and public domain citations. There are many citation guides; the most commonly acknowledged is called the Bluebook, published by students at several eminent law schools, led by Harvard Law School. The ALWD Citation Manual is a recent (as of 2004) publication that is quickly winning supporters. Public domain citations are those which usually refer to the official reporters and not some kind of publication service such as Westlaw or LexisNexis or some particular legal journal or specialization specific reporter.

States with their own unique style for court documents and case opinions also publish their own style guides which include information on their citation rules.

See also: Landmark case

See also

• German legal citation

External link

• American Association of Law Libraries Legal Citation Guide (http://www.aallnet.org/committee/citation/ucg/index.html)