Early_Cyrillic_alphabet Early_Cyrillic_alphabet

Early Cyrillic alphabet - Definition and Overview

The Early Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in Bulgaria during the 10th century A.D. for the writing of Old Church Slavonic. With Christianity having been made the official state religion in 864, King Boris I commissioned the creation of the alphabet. Climent of Ochrid developed the alphabet and named it for his teacher, St. Cyril, a missionary who, along with his brother, Methodius, is credited with inventing the Glagolitic alphabet, an earlier Slavic alphabet and an influence on this one. In the following centuries, the Early Cyrillic was replaced by a later form, the Modern Cyrillic alphabet, which is still widely in use throughout Asia and Eastern Europe.

Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. See IPA in Unicode if you have display problems.

Contents
1 The alphabet

1.1 Notes

2 Numerals, diacritics and punctuation
3 References
4 See also

The alphabet

Image Unicode Name
(Cyrillic) 		Name
(transliterated) 		Name
(IPA) 		Transliteration IPA Notes

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Azu.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Azu.png

 А а АЗЪ azǔ [aʒʌ] a [a]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Buky.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Buky.png

 Б б БѸКИ buky [buki] b [b]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Viedi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Viedi.png

 В в ВѢДИ vědě [vɛdi] v [v]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Glagoli.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Glagoli.png

 Г г ГЛАГОЛИ glagoli [glagoli] g [g]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Dobro.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dobro.png

 Д д ДОБРО dobro [dobro] d [d]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yesti.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yesti.png

 Є є ѤСТЬ estǐ [iɛstɪ] e [ɛ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Zhiviete.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Zhiviete.png

 Ж ж ЖИВѢТЄ živěte [ʒivɛtɛ], [ʒivjɛtɛ] ž, zh [ʒ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Dzelo.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dzelo.png

 Ѕ ѕ ЅѢЛО dzělo [ʣɛlo], [ʣjɛlo] dz, Z [dz], [z]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Zemlia.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Zemlia.png

 З з ЗЄМЛIА zeml’ja [zemlja] z [z] See note 1

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Izhe.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Izhe.png

 И и ИЖЄ iže [iʒɛ] i [i]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_I.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter I.png

 І і / Ї ї И i [i] i, I [i]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Kako.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Kako.png

 К к КАКО kako [kako] k [k]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Liudiye.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Liudiye.png

 Л л ЛЮДИѤ ljudije [ljudijɛ] l [l]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Myslite.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Myslite.png

 М м МЫСЛИТЄ mūslite [muslitɛ] m [m]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Nashi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Nashi.png

 Н н НАШЬ našǐ [naʃɪ] n [n]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Onu.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Onu.png

 О о ОНЪ onǔ [onʌ] o [o]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Pokoi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Pokoi.png

 П п ПОКОИ pokoi [pokoj] p [p]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Koppa.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Koppa.png

 Ҁ ҁ КОППА? koppa? [koppa], [kopa] q [q], [ʔ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ritsi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ritsi.png

 Р р РЬЦИ rǐci [rɪʦi] r [r]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Slovo.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Slovo.png

 С с СЛОВО slovo [slovo] s [s]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Tvrido.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido.png

 Т т ТВРЬДО tvrǐdo [tvrɪdo], [tfrɪdo] t [t]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Uku.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Uku.png

 Ѹ ѹ ѸКЪ ukǔ [ukʌ] u [u] See note 2

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Fritu.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Fritu.png

 Ф ф ФРЬТЪ frǐtǔ [frɪtʌ] f [f]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Khieru.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Khieru.png

 Х х ХѢРЪ xěrǔ [xɛrʌ]? [xjɛrʌ]? x [x]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Otu.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Otu.png

 Ѡ ѡ ОТЪ otǔ [otʌ] ō, w [oː]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Tsi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Tsi.png

 Ц ц ЦИ ci [ʦi] c [ʦ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Chrivi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Chrivi.png

 Ч ч ЧРЬВЬ červ [ʧrɪvɪ] č, ch [ʧ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Sha.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Sha.png

 Ш ш ША ša [ʃa] š, sh [ʃ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Shta.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Shta.png

 Щ щ ШТА šta [ʃta] št, sht, šč, shch [ʃt], [ʃʧ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yeru.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yeru.png

 Ъ ъ ѤРЪ jerǔ [jɛrʌ] ǔ, u: [ʌ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yery.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yery.png

 Ы ы ѤРЫ jerū [jɛry] ū [y]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yeri.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yeri.png

 Ь ь ѤРЬ jerǐ [jɛrɪ] ǐ, i: [ɪ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yati.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yati.png

 Ѣ ѣ ЯТЬ jatǐ [jatɪ] ě, je [jɛ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yu.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yu.png

 Ю ю Ю ju [ju] ju [iu]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ya.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ya.png

 Я я (И)Я ja [ja] ja [ja]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Maliy.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.png

 Ѧ ѧ ѦСЪ ęsǔ [ɛ̃s] ę, ẽ [ɛ̃] See note 3

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Maliy_Yotirovaniy.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy Yotirovaniy.png

 Ѩ ѩ ѨСЪ jęsǔ [jɛ̃s] ję, jẽ [jɛ̃] See note 4

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Bolshiy.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy.png

 Ѫ ѫ ѪСЪ ǫsǔ [ɔ̃s] ǫ, õ [ɔ̃] See note 5

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Bolshiy_Yotirovaniy.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy Yotirovaniy.png

 Ѭ ѭ ѬСЪ jǫsǔ [jɔ̃s] jǫ, jõ [jɔ̃] See note 6

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ksi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ksi.png

 Ѯ ѯ КСИ ksi [k͡si] ks [k͡s]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Psi.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Psi.png

 Ѱ ѱ ПСИ psi [p͡si] ps [p͡s]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Fita.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Fita.png

 Ѳ ѳ ФИТА fita [fita] θ, th, T, F [t], [θ], [f]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Izhitsa.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Izhitsa.png

 Ѵ ѵ ИЖИЦА ižica [iʒiʦa] ü [ɪ], [y]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ye.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ye.png

 Ѥ ѥ (И)Ѥ jeː [jɛ] jeː [iɛ]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Dierv.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dierv.png

 Ћ ћ ДѤРВ đerv, djerv [ʤɛrv], [djɛrv] đ, dj [ʤ], [dj] See note 7

Early_Cyrillic_letter_Tvrido_Otu.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido Otu.png

 Ѿ ѿ ТВРЬДО ОТЪ tvrǐdo otǔ [tvrɪdo otʌ], [tfrɪdo otʌ] tō, tw [toː]

Early_Cyrillic_letter_O.png
Image:Early Cyrillic letter O.png

   See note 8

Notes

  1. Zemlya: The first form developed into the second.
  2. Ouku: The first form developed into a vertical ligature, shown in the second form.
  3. Ęsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ МАЛЫЙ (jusǔ malūi; IPA: [jusʌ malyi]).
  4. Jęsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ МАЛЫЙ ЁТИРОВАНИЙ (jusǔ malūi jotirovanij; IPA: [jusʌmalyi jotirovanij]). This glyph is rare.
  5. Ǫsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ БОЛЬШИЙ (jusǔ bolǐšij; IPA: [jusʌ bolyʃiː]). This glyph is rare.
  6. Jǫsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ БОЛЬШИЙ ЁТИРОВАНИЙ (jusǔ bolǐšij jotirovanij; IPA: [jusʌ bolyʃiː jotirovanij]). This glyph is rare.
  7. Đerv: This letter is present in the Glagolitic alphabet, but its sound had disappeared by the time Cyrillic started to be used. In Russian, Gherv or Dzherv is only used in modern scientific texts where Cyrillic is used to transliterate Glagolitic; the character is found in some Balkan languages, notably the languages of the former Yugoslavia.
  8. Ornate omega: The name of this glyph is unknown; it would seem to be used in interjections, especially before vocatives.

Numerals, diacritics and punctuation

Each letter also had a numeric value, inherited from the corresponding Greek alphabet letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number. See Cyrillic numerals, Titlo.

Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers):

  • а´  oksia, indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+1FFD), similar to an acute accent
  • а`  varia, indicating stress on the last syllable (U+1FEF), similar to a grave accent
  • а҄  kamora, indicating palatalization (U+0484), similar to an inverted breve
  • а҅  dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
  • а҆  zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486)
  • а҃  titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
  • ӓ  trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
  • а҆´  Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.
  • а҆`  Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.

Punctuation marks:

References

See also


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