The following links provide a functional bibliography for the Filioque Wikipedia article. These online references are in the order in which they are cited, directly or indirectly, in the Filioque article itself.
Historical origins
- John S. Romanides, "The Filioque" (http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.03.en.franks_romans_feudalism_and_doctrine.03.htm) The author shows how Franks in the Carolingian Empire in the ninth century worked in opposition to the ancient Church of Rome-Constantinople, the "Roman Church" of East and West.
- "History of the Mass: Part VI" (http://www.stjosephplacentia.org/RCath-L/history6.htm) A brief but more objective presentation of the influence of the Franks in matters of discipline.
- Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs (http://www.geocities.com/trvalentine/orthodox/photius_encyclical.html) The polemical letter of Patriarch Photius, condemning the filioque, as well as other practices, such as fasting on Saturdays. From the very words of Photius, it is evident that the origin of his hostility is in what he perceives as competition from "Westerners" (Latin priests) in Bulgaria, a territory he considers under his jurisdiction. It is also evident, as Photius says, that he never heard of the filoque until now; in spite of his considerable erudition, he is, therefore, not familiar with the Latin Fathers.
- "Photius of Constantinople" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12043b.htm) From the Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, here is an introduction to Photius, reflecting the state of scholarship on this topic, at the beginning of the twentieth century.
- "The Patriarch Photius and his disputes with Rome" (http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/milton1_16.html) In this article, Milton V. Anastos (like Congar, Dvornik et al.) gives a much kinder assessment of Photius. Contemporary scholarship has corrected many false statements about his actions and provided a more accurate historical context. Pope John VIII, for example, never excommunicated Photius.
- <b>The Orthodox Church (http://www.stpaulsirvine.org/html/TheGreatSchism.htm) In this excerpt from the book, Bishop Kallistos Ware writes of the role of the filioque in the East-West disputes, especially objections to that phrase by St. Photius and Patriarch Cerularius. The author provides the historical context of the estrangement of East and West; he does an excellent job.
- "Hugh and Leo Etherianus" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/0555c.htm) At Constantinople, in the 12th century, Hugh Etherianus prepared the first exhaustive and scholarly defense of the filioque, using both Latin and Greek Fathers: De haeresibus quas Graeci in Latinos devolvunt, sive quod Spiritus Sanctus ex utroque Patre et Filio procedit. In English, that's "About the heresies of which the Greeks accuse the Latins, whether the Holy Spirit proceeeds from both the Father and the Son."
- "St. Thomas Aquinas" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm) Introduction to Thomas Aquinas, O.P., prominent Scholastic theologian and philosopher, defender of the filioque.
- Thomas Aquinas, Contra errores Graecorum (http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/oce.html) This 55-page essay, in Latin, is not for the faint of heart. Alta Vista and Google probably cannot render the text clearly in English, because of the dense logic of the arguments. In this essay, Aquinas argues that the Greeks don't accept universal jurisdiction of the Pope because their pneumatology is defective, as evidenced, he says, in their rejection of the filioque. This essay was influential among the participants in the 1274 Council of Lyons. Pope Urban IV had asked Aquinas to prepare this document, in preparation for that council. Regrettably, there does not seem to be a complete English translation of Contra errores available online.
- Contra errores Graecorum (http://www.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/errorgre.htm) This is an English translation of the first part of this essay, by Antoine Valentin. Although the relevant passages are not here translated, in this excerpt you can see how Aquinas argues.
- Patriarch John Beccus of Constantinople (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02380b.htm) The remarkable life of this Orthodox bishop; he did not consider the filioque heresy and favored reconciliation with the West.
- Tomos of 1285 (http://www.geocities.com/trvalentine/orthodox/tomos1285.html) The definitive rejection by Patriarch Gregory and the Council of Blachernae of the union of 1274 and the preceding patriarch, John Beccus. Calling the filioque addition to the Creed "blasphemy," this document represents a polemical, violent reaction to Scholastic theology, used to explain and defend the filioque. In this document, Beccus and his followers are said to be banished and "expelled from Orthodoxy."
Orthodox Church
- George Dragas, "The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church" (http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/Dragas_RomanCatholic.html) Tracing the history of such reception, the author makes the important point that the practice of re-baptizing Roman Catholics became widespread in the 13th century, after the sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders. Even single immersion, as in the West, was often considered invalid. In Russia, says the author, such re-baptizing was a universal practice; it must, he says, have been transferred there from the Greek Church. However, a synod in 1484 prescribed only chrismation (anointing), with a renunciation of the filioque and other Western practices, such as the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist. In both re-baptism and chrismation, the Latins were treated as heretics undergoing reconciliation.
- Ecumenism and Heresy (http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/orthodoxy_and_catholicism/5.html) Here is a list of links, giving Orthodox positions that are anti-ecumenical and positions that are more irenic in character. See especially the sites with authorship by the Sacred Community of Mount Athos, John Meyendorff, and David Armstrong.
- "The Filioque: Dogma, Theologumenon or Heresy?" (http://www.geocities.com/heartland/5654/orthodox/stylianopoulos_filioque.html) Theodore Stylianopoulos here presents an extensive, scholarly overview of the contemporary discussion of the filioque. His article is carefully reasoned and works toward reconciliation.
- "Papal Primacy" (http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8523.asp). In this article, Emmanuel Clapsis provides a well-documented study of the context in which the filioque dispute may be resolved: a communion ecclesiology, with a renewed understanding of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. As Cardinal Ratzinger says, we can return to the understanding of that primacy as it was in the first millennium; that would provide a basis for reconciliation of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.
- "The True Faith" (http://www.cin.org/archives/cineast/199702/0473.html) Father Chrysostom here appeals for prayer, to resolve long-standing conflict and polemicism.
Catholic Church
- Avery Dulles, S.J., "The Filioque: What Is at Stake?" (http://ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1232) The author traces the history of the filioque controversy and evaluates current options. He says that it is important for the East to acknowledge that the West has not been in heresy for the past 1500 years. This is a PDF file.
Overview
- Excerpt from The Mass of the Roman Rite (http://www.booksite.com/texis/scripts/pubsite/showdetail.html?sid=4460&isbn=0915866455) Here, Joseph Jungmann, S.J., explains the importance of the mediating role of Christ in the liturgy, largely lost in the East, because of anti-Arianism, the same reactive force that in Spain gave rise to the filioque.
Recent discussions and statements
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