Goguryeo — Gāogōulí
Korean Name
Revised Romanization	Goguryeo
McCune-Reischauer	Koguryŏ
Hangul	고구려
Hanja	高句麗
Chinese Name
Chinese characters	高句麗
Pinyin	Gāogōulí

Goguryeo (also known as Koguryo; : Gāogōulí) (1st century BC-668) was a kingdom in southern Manchuria and northern Korea. It is referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla.

The modern name "Korea" derives from the medieval Korean kingdom of Goryeo, which in turn took its name from a contracted form of "Goguryeo."

Contents

1 History 2 Culture 3 Language 4 Modern politics 5 Sovereigns of Goguryeo 5.1 Korean Pronunciation 5.2 Mandarin Pronunciation 5.3 Notes 6 See also 7 External link

History

The History of Korea

Gojoseon Samhan Three Kingdoms :  Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla Unified Silla and Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo Joseon Japanese occupation Divided Korea :  N. Korea, S. Korea

According to Samguk Sagi, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the kingdom in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea. It gained power while China was fragmented. The maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu. During this period they ruled half of Korean peninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. Tang initially attempted to set up a military government called the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, but this did not last. The southernmost part of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, the northwestern part by Tang, and the rest was succeeded by Balhae (Chinese: Bohai).

Balhae, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.

Culture

Remains of castles, palaces and several artifacts have been found in North Korea, including ancient paintings in a Goguryeo tomb complex. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Ji'an (集安) in northeastern China, thought to be the site of the first city of Goguryeo. Some cultural heritage still remain in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's indigenous heating system. It has since been improved and can be found beneath floor of every modern house in Korea.

Language

The Goguryeo language is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggests that it was significantly different from the language of Silla or Tungusic languages. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. Chinese record suggest that the languages of Goguryeo and Fuyu (Buyeo), East Okjeo, and Old Joseon (Go-Joseon) were similar, while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe). Similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese have been noted as well. [1] (http://www.msu.edu/~jk13/Abs.Beckwith.pdf) Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but most were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long. Some linguists propose the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, and the upper class of Baekje, and Old Japanese. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found.

Modern politics

Koreans have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Chinese have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a foreign state that was part of the China-centred tribute system. Then, in accordance with a more inclusive view of the modern People's Republic of China as a multi-ethnic nation state, the concept of Chinese history was expanded to encompass all states that developed principally in the current territory of China. The accepted position among Chinese government historians therefore became that the history of Goguryeo before the capital was transferred to Pyongyang in the Korean Peninsula was to be considered part of Chinese history.

Some have interpreted Chinese position in the 1990s as implying that Goguryeo was to be treated as a regional power of China as well as interpreting efforts by Chinese scholars to describe the history of Goguryeo as part of Chinese history to de-emphasise or deny Korea's claim to the kingdom's legacy. The Chinese government launched a 20-billion-yuan (2.4 billion US dollars) project dealing with China's Northeast in 2002 whose aims have been interpreted by some as treating Goguryeo as a local government within China, rewriting history textbooks and restoring important Goguryeo sites in China. This was followed by protests from scholars from Korea, Japan, and Russia. As of 2004 this was threatening to lead to diplomatic disputes between China and South Korea and was contributing to some anti-Chinese sentiment in the latter. As such, the subject of Goguryeo history now overlaps somewhat with political disputes, although all of the governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations. The existence of a sizeable ethnic Korean minority in the former Goguryeo territories in China, the issue of political influence over North Korea in the case of a collapse of the regime, and some nervousness over the rapidly increasing power of China add to the fuel of the dispute.

See Gando Convention for more information about modern politics in the area.

Sovereigns of Goguryeo

The names of the rulers of Goguryeo are given first in their Korean pronunciation, and then in their Mandarin Chinese pronunciation.

Korean Pronunciation

1. 동명성왕 King Dongmyeong (37 BC-19 BC)
2. 유리왕 King Yuri (19 BC-AD 18)
3. 대무신왕 King Daemusin (18-44)
4. 민중왕 King Minjung (44-48)
5. 모본왕 King Mobon (48-53)
6. 태조대왕 King Gukjo (53-146)
7. 차대왕 King Chadae (146-165)
8. 신대왕 King Sindae (165-179)
9. 고국천왕 King Gogukcheon (179-197)
10. 산상왕 King Sansang (197-227)
11. 동천왕 King Dongcheon (227-247)
12. 중천왕 King Jungcheon (247-270)
13. 서천왕 King Seocheon (270-292)
14. 봉상왕 King Bongsang (292-300)
15. 미천왕 King Micheon (300-330)
16. 고국원왕 King Gogugwon (331-371)
17. 소수림왕 King Sosurim (371-384)
18. 고국양왕 King Gogugyang (384-391)
19. 광개토대왕 King Gwanggaeto the Great (391-413)
20. 장수왕 King Jangsu (413-490)
21. 문자명왕 King Munjamyeong (491-519)
22. 안장왕 King Anjang (519-531)
23. 안원왕 King Anwon (531-545)
24. 양원왕 King Yangwon (545-559)
25. 평원왕 King Pyeongwon (559-590)
26. 영양왕 King Yeongyang (590-618)
27. 영류왕 King Yeongnyu (618-641)
28. 보장왕 King Bojang (642-668)

Mandarin Pronunciation

Sovereigns of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) 1st century BC-668

Legendary line
Samguk Sagi Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names 東明聖王|dong1 ming2 sheng4 wang2 Gao Zhumeng|高朱蒙 gao1 zhu1 meng2 Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2 Zou?|鄒? zou1 ? Xiang|象解 xiang4 jie3 琉璃王|liu2 li2 wang2 琉璃明王|liu2 li2 ming2 wang2 Leili|類利 lei4 li4 Ruliu|孺留 ru2 liu2 大武神王|da4 wu3 shen2 wang2 大解朱留王|da4 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2 Wuxu|無恤 wu2 xu4 閔中王|min3 zhong1 wang2 Jiesezhu|解色朱 jie3 se4 zhu1 慕本王|mu4 ben3 wang2 Jieyou|解憂 jie3 you1 Jieail�|解愛婁 jie3 ai4 l�3	Weishu Personal Names Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2(zu mong) L�da|閭達|l�2 da2 *Shil�xie|始閭諧 shi3 l�2 xie2 Ruli|如栗 ru2 li4 Molai|莫來 mo4 lai2 Monument Personal Names Zoumou|鄒牟 zou1 mou2 Ruliu|儒留 ru2 liu2 Dazhuliu|大朱留 da4 zhu1 liu2
Great king line
Samguk Sagi Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names 大祖王|da4 zu3 wang2 大祖大王|da4 zu3 da4 wang2 國祖王|guo2 zu3 wang2 Gong|宮 gong1 Yushu|於漱 yu2 shu4 次大王|zi1 da4 wang2 Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2 新大王|xin1 da4 wang2 Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4 Boju|伯句 bo2 ju4	Houhanshu, etc Personal Names Gong|宮 gong1 Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2 Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4
Wandu-Guonei line
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns 故國川王|gu4 guo2 chuan1 wang2 國襄王|guo2 xiang1 wang2 Nanwu|男武 nan2 wu3 Yiyimo|伊夷謨 yi1 yi2 mo2 179-197 山上王|shan1 shang4 wang2 Tingyou|廷優 ting2 you1 Weigong|位宮 wei4 gong1 197-227 東川王|dong1 chuan1 wang2 東襄王|dong1 xiang1 wang2 Youweiju|憂位居 you1 wei4 ju1 Jiaozhi|郊彘 jiao1 zhi4 227-248 中川王|zhong1 chuan1 wang2 中襄王|zhong1 xiang1 wang2 Ranfu|然弗 ran2 fu2 227-248 西川王|xi1 chuan1 wang2 西襄王|xi1 xiang1 wang2 Yaolu|藥盧 yao42 lu2 Rouyou|若友 rou4 you3 248-270 烽上王|feng1 shang4 wang2 鴙葛王|zhi4 ge3 wang2 Xiangfu|相夫 xiang1 fu2 Chashil�|插矢婁 cha1 shi3 l�3 292-300 美川王|mei3 chuan1 wang2 好攘王|hao3 rang3 wang2 Yifu|乙弗 yi3 fu2 Youfu|憂拂 you1 fu2 300-331 故國原王|gu4 guo2 yuan2 wang2 國岡上王|guo2 gang1 shang4 wang2 Siyou|斯由 si1 you2 Liu|劉 liu2 331-371 小獸林王|xiao3 shou4 lin2 wang2 小解朱留王|xiao3 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2 Qiufu|丘夫 qiu1 fu1 371-384 故國攘王|gu4 guo2 rang2 wang2 Yilian|伊連 yi1 lian2 Yuzhizhi|於只支 yu2 zhi3 zhi1 384-391 廣開土王|guang3 kai1 tu3 wang2 Tande|談德 tan2 de2 An|安 an1 391-412
P'yŏngyang line
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns 長壽王|chang2 shou4 wang2 Julian|巨連 ju4 lian2 Gao Lian|高璉 gao1 lian2 412-491 文咨王|wen2 zi1 wang2 文咨明王|wen2 zi1 ming2 wang2 明治好王|ming2 zhi4 hao3 wang2 Luoyun|羅雲 luo2 yun2 Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 491-519 安藏王|an1 zang4 wang2 Xingan|興安 xing1 an1 Gao An|高安 gao1 an1 519-531 安原王|an1 yuan2 wang2 Baoting|寶廷 bao3 ting2 Gao Ting|高廷 gao1 ting2 531-545 陽原王|yang2 yuan2 wang2 陽崗上好王|yang2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2 Pingcheng|平成 ping2 cheng2 545-559 平原王|ping2 yuan2 wang2 平崗上好王|ping2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2 平崗上王|ping2 gang1 shang4 wang2 狛鵠香岡上王|po4 ge2 xiang1 gang1 shang4 wang2 Yangcheng|陽成 yang2 cheng2 Tang|湯 tang1 Gao Yang|高陽 gao1 yang2 559-590 嬰陽王|ying1 yang2 wang2 平陽王|ping2 yang2 wang2 Gao Yuan|高元 gao1 yuan2 Dayuan|大元 da4 yuan2 590-618 建武王|jian4 wu3 wang2 營留王|ying2 liu2 wang2 Gao Jianwu|高建武 gao1 jian4 wu3 Cheng|成 cheng2 Gao Wu|高武 gao1 wu3 618-642 寶藏王|bao3 zang4 wang2 Gao Zang|高藏 gao1 zang4 Baozang|寶藏 bao3 zang4 642-668

Notes

• The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King Changshou built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contacts with Northern Wei.
• The great king line with the following two kings was formed on the basis of Chinese documents like Houhanshu. It contains contradictions and mismatches.
• The royal surname Go/Gao (高) seems to have been adopted in the early 5th century when King Guangkaitu was acknowledged as a member of the Northern Yan imperial family by Gao Yun (高雲 or Murong Yun 慕容雲), Emperor of Northern Yan, whose grandfather He (和) was in line of the Gaogouli royal family. According to Jinshu, Gao Yun took the surname Gao from Gaoyang (高陽氏 or Zhuan Xu, one of Sanhuangwudi) but it is doubtful. Later history books say that Go/Gao was named after the country name Goguryeo/Gaogouli.

See also

• List of Korea-related topics
• Rulers of Korea
• Anak Tomb No.3
• Ethnic groups in Chinese history

External link

• Korean history in Manchuria (http://hcs.harvard.edu/~yisei/backissues/fall_98/mark_byington.html)

eo:Kogurjo fr:Kogury? ko:고구려 nl:Koguryo ja:高句麗 pt:Koguryo zh:高句丽