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In the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, illithids (also known as mind flayers) are semi-humanoid beings with an octopus-like head with psychic powers that often live in moist caverns and underground cities. They capture cave dwellers and other creatures living underground such as drow and dwarves, using them as slaves and as a food source, much like cattle. Illithids believe themselves to be the dominant species of their world and thus they have no problems with treating any creatures or humanoids quite cruelly, should the need arise. Mind flayers have four octopus-like tentacles around their beaklike mouths, and require the brains of sapient creatures as part of their diet. A mind flayer who snares a living creature in all four of its tentacles can extract and devour its living brain. Mind flayers often possess magical abilities in addition to their psychic powers, and are often able to penetrate illusions. One of the most feared powers is the dreaded Mind Blast, where the Illithid sends out a cone shaped psionic shockwave to incapacitate any creature with a mind for a short amount of time.
Mind flayers also appear in some roguelike games, including Angband and Nethack. These games are mostly based on D&D, but use slightly different names and rules to avoid copyright problems. The mind flayers themselves were originally inspired by the Spawn of Cthulhu, creatures from the Cthulhu Mythos.
Illithids are hermaphroditic creatures, who each spawn a mass of tadpole-like larva twice in their life. The larva are left to develop in the pool of the Elder Brain, awaiting to undergo the process of "Ceremorphosis", where the larva will be inserted into the brain of sentient creature. Upon doing so, the larva will consume the host's brain and absorb the host's physical form in order to metamorphosize into an adult Illithid. Occassionally, when a certain type of creature is used the Illithid will be created as a hybrid, with some of the powers and physcial traits of their hosts (an Illithid hybrid Ceremorphed from a Troll would have regeneraton and greater physical strength).
Illithids are ruled by creatures called Elder Brains- when an Illithid dies its brain is extracted and taken to a special pool in the center of the city, where the fused brain tissue of every Illithid who has ever died floats. Due to their psionic nature, the brains are still "alive" and have in fact amalgamated their intellects together to form a gestalt conciousness. This Elder Brain is the city's leader, and the pool where it floats is also where the Illithids deposit their spawn/tadpoles- despite the fact that the Elder Brain can and often does devour the larvae. An extremely ancient Elder Brain is called a God-Brain, because its psionic powers are now almost limitless.
Illithids rule an Island of Terror in Ravenloft called Bluetspur, where their God-Brain is actually directed by the mind of a human psionicist. These Illithids have master a biology-related magic, and so are capable of creating all manner of monstrous minions. The spawn of these Illithids are far more likely to create Illithid hybrid beasts when Ceremorphed.
The seat of the ancient empire Illithid Empire's capital was an artificial world called Penumbra, an immense disc of matter that encircled a sun. After the fall of their empire the mind flayers largely abandonned this world, which is now inhabited by savage tribes descended from thralls of various races, including Forerunners and Grimlocks.
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