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According to the 1974 Trade act, the Jackson-Vanik amendment, named for its major co-sponsors, Sen. Henry "Scoop" Jackson (D-WA) and Rep. Charles Vanik (D-OH), denied normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted emigration rights. Normal trade relations would be extended to a country subject to the law only if the President determined that it complies with the freedom of emigration requirements of the amendment.
Jackson-Vanik was an extraordinary success in securing freedom of emigration from the Soviet Union. Since 1975, more than 500,000 refugees, many of whom were Jews, evangelical Christians and Catholics from the former Soviet Union, have been resettled in the United States. An estimated 1 million Jews have immigrated to Israel during that time.
Jackson-Vanik also led to great changes within the Soviet Union. Other ethnic groups subsequently demanded the right to emigrate, and the ruling Communist Party had to face the fact that there was widespread dissatisfaction with its governance. A supporter of Jackson-Vanik and action to relieve the plight of Soviet Jewry, State Rep. Mark B. Cohen of Philadelphia, said that "The genius of Jackson-Vanik was that it found a constructive long-term way to help solve the problems of late 20th century victims of communism without use of military force. It helped change the direction of American anti-communist movements from a focus on domestic supporters of communism, which had led to McCarthyism, and military involvements, which had led to the quagmire in Vietnam, to a focus on using American economic strength to serve as a new underpinning of American values. It was a brilliant public policy innovation."
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