James Cockburn (February 13, 1819-August 14, 1883) was a Canadian Conservative politician, and a father of Canadian Confederation. He was born in a small town on the English-Scottish border and immigrated to Canada with his family at the age of 13. After attending Upper Canada College and Osgoode Hall he established a law practice in Cobourg, Ontario. In the 1850s, Cockburn was elected to the town council and in 1861 he was elected to the Province of Canada's legislative assembly as a Reformer representing Northumberland West. Despite being elected as an opponent of the Macdonald - Cartier administration Cockburn switched allegiances and became a supporter of Macdonald's Liberal-Conservative Party.

Cockburn attended the Quebec Conference of 1864 as a supporter of Confederation. After Confederation he was elected to the new Canadian House of Commons and was nominated by Sir John A. Macdonald to be Canada's first Speaker of the House of Commons, a position he served from 1867 to 1874.

He was crippled by the fact that he spoke no French in a chamber in which both English and French were official languages. He did however understand French. In 1872, Cockburn was nominated for a second term as Speaker despite reservations by the Opposition that he had been too favourable to the government in his rulings. Cockburn lost his seat in the 1874 Canadian election that had been precipitated by the Pacific Scandal and which defeated the Macdonald government.

Cockburn won back his former seat in the 1878 Canadian election but did not take an active role in Parliament. He resigned in 1881 when he was appointed to collect and classify Canadian statutes and completed this assignment shortly before his death at the age of 64.