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The Kalmar Union united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under one monarch in 1397. The countries had given up their sovereignty but not their independence and Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish centralized government gave rise to the conflict that would lead to its dissolution in 1523.
UnionThe union was formed by Queen Margaret I (1353–1413) in the Swedish town of Kalmar, close to the Danish border, after Danish and Swedish troops in 1389 had defeated the Swedish king, Albert of Mecklenburg, and he subsequently failed to pay the tribute of 60,000 silver marks within three years after his release. King Albert, born in Germany, was ill-liked by the Swedish nobility and their rebellion had received help from the Danes, who intended the union to serve as a check on the growing power of the German Hanseatic League. Queen Margaret, who was a daughter of the late Danish king Valdemar Atterdag and wife of the late Norwegian king Haakon VI, maneuvered to have her grand-nephew, Eric of Pomerania recognized as heir to the Norwegian throne and then elected king over the two other countries. Queen Margaret promised to protect the political influence and privileges of the nobility under the union, but King Eric wanted to strengthen the monarchy. ConflictThe Swedes were not happy with the Danes' frequent wars on Schleswig, Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania, which were a disturbance to Swedish exports to the European continent (notably iron). Furthermore, the centralizing of government to Denmark caused suspicions. The Swedish Privy Council wanted to retain a fair degree of self-government. The unity of the union eroded in the 1430s, even to the point of armed rebellion, leading to the expulsion of Danish forces from Sweden. Eric was deposed in 1438–1439 as the union king and succeeded by the childless Christopher of Bavaria. In the power vacuum that arose following Christopher's death in 1448, Sweden elected Charles VIII king with the intent to reestablish the union under the Swedish Crown. Charles was elected king of Norway in the following year, but the counts of Holstein were more influential than the Swedes and the Norwegians together, and made the Danish Privy Council appoint Christian I of Oldenburg as king, and were not about to surrender their claim to the union throne that easily. During the next seven decades struggle for power and the wars between Sweden and Denmark would dominate the union. After the successful re-taking of Sweden by Christian II and the subsequent Stockholm bloodbath in 1520, the Swedes started yet another rebellion which ousted the Danish forces once again in 1521. While independence had been reclaimed the election of King Gustav of the Vasa on June 6, 1523 restored sovereignty for Sweden and finally dissolved the union.
EpilogueThe last structures of the Kalmar Union remained until 1536 when the Danish Privy Council, in the aftermath of a civil war, unilaterally declared Norway to be a Danish province, without consulting their Norwegian colleagues. As Norway was a hereditary kingdom, it was in the king's interest to maintain Norway's formal status as semi-independent, to insure that future members of the Oldenburg dynasty would be elected to the Danish throne. Norway kept some separate institutions and its legal system, but the former Norwegian possessions of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, came directly under the Danish crown. In 1814 the king of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden. In the middle of the 19th century, this would give rise to the Scandinavian movement, which sought to reunite the countries of the Kalmar Union, except Finland, under one monarch. See alsoExternal links
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