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Katakana (片仮名, literally: "fragmentary kana") are a Japanese syllabary, one of four Japanese writing systems (the others are hiragana, kanji and rōmaji).
Katakana are characterized by squarish lines and are the simplest of the Japanese scripts.
Katakana are used for:
- Onomatopoeia, for example hii ヒー means "sigh".
- Names of animal and plant species.
- Transcription of words from non-Chinese foreign languages (called gairaigo). For example, "television" is written terebi テレビ. Foreign phrases are usually transliterated with a middle dot separating the words.
- Emphasis, like italics in English. In this case it can also mean "words spoken by a foreigner", or "with a foreign accent".
- As furigana, giving the pronunciation of a word written in roman characters, or for a foreign word which is written as kanji for the meaning, but intended to be pronounced as the original.
Hepburn Romanization of Katakana
If you have a font including Japanese characters, you can view the following charts of katakana together with their Hepburn romanization (otherwise visit the page for hiragana). The first chart sets out the standard katakana (characters in red are obsolete).
| ア a
| イ i
| ウ u
| エ e
| オ o
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| カ ka
| キ ki
| ク ku
| ケ ke
| コ ko
| キャ kya
| キュ kyu
| キョ kyo
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| サ sa
| シ shi
| ス su
| セ se
| ソ so
| シャ sha
| シュ shu
| ショ sho
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| タ ta
| チ chi
| ツ tsu
| テ te
| ト to
| チャ cha
| チュ chu
| チョ cho
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| ナ na
| ニ ni
| ヌ nu
| ネ ne
| ノ no
| ニャ nya
| ニュ nyu
| ニョ nyo
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| ハ ha
| ヒ hi
| フ fu
| ヘ he
| ホ ho
| ヒャ hya
| ヒュ hyu
| ヒョ hyo
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| マ ma
| ミ mi
| ム mu
| メ me
| モ mo
| ミャ mya
| ミュ myu
| ミョ myo
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| ヤ ya
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| ユ yu
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| ヨ yo
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| ラ ra
| リ ri
| ル ru
| レ re
| ロ ro
| リャ rya
| リュ ryu
| リョ ryo
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| ワ wa
| ヰ wi
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| ヱ we
| ヲ wo
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| ン n
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| ガ ga
| ギ gi
| グ gu
| ゲ ge
| ゴ go
| ギャ gya
| ギュ gyu
| ギョ gyo
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| ザ za
| ジ ji
| ズ zu
| ゼ ze
| ゾ zo
| ジャ ja
| ジュ ju
| ジョ jo
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| ダ da
| ヂ ji
| ヅ zu
| デ de
| ド do
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| バ ba
| ビ bi
| ブ bu
| ベ be
| ボ bo
| ビャ bya
| ビュ byu
| ビョ byo
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| パ pa
| ピ pi
| プ pu
| ペ pe
| ポ po
| ピャ pya
| ピュ pyu
| ピョ pyo
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The second chart sets out modern additions to the katakana. These are used mainly to represent the sounds in words in other languages.
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| イェ ye
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| ウィ wi
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| ウェ we
| ウォ wo
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| ヴァ va
| ヴィ vi
| ヴ vu
| ヴェ ve
| ヴォ vo
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| シェ she
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| ジェ je
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| チェ che
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| ティ ti
| トゥ tu
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| テュ tyu
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| ディ di
| ドゥ du
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| デュ dyu
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| ツァ tsa
| ツィ tsi
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| ツェ tse
| ツォ tso
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| ファ fa
| フィ fi
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| フェ fe
| フォ fo
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| フュ fyu
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History
Katakana was developed by students who used parts of man'yōgana characters to indicate kanji pronunciation (furigana) in kanbun. For example, ka カ comes from the left side of ka 加 "increase". The figure below shows derivation of katakana from manyogana:
Up until a series of orthographic reforms immediately following World War II, katakana was used for okurigana in official documents, and frequently in other contexts.
Katakana in Unicode
In Unicode, Katakana occupy code points U+30A0 to U+30FF [1] (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U30A0.pdf):
| | | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
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| 30A | | ゠ | ァ | ア | ィ | イ | ゥ | ウ | ェ | エ | ォ | オ | カ | ガ | キ | ギ | ク
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| 30B | | グ | ケ | ゲ | コ | ゴ | サ | ザ | シ | ジ | ス | ズ | セ | ゼ | ソ | ゾ | タ
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| 30C | | ダ | チ | ヂ | ッ | ツ | ヅ | テ | デ | ト | ド | ナ | ニ | ヌ | ネ | ノ | ハ
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| 30D | | バ | パ | ヒ | ビ | ピ | フ | ブ | プ | ヘ | ベ | ペ | ホ | ボ | ポ | マ | ミ
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| 30E | | ム | メ | モ | ャ | ヤ | ュ | ユ | ョ | ヨ | ラ | リ | ル | レ | ロ | ヮ | ワ
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| 30F | | ヰ | ヱ | ヲ | ン | ヴ | ヵ | ヶ | ヷ | ヸ | ヹ | ヺ | ・ | ー | ヽ | ヾ | ヿ
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Katakana for the Ainu language
Katakana is sometimes used to write the Ainu language. Syllables that end with a consonant are represented by a small version of the katakana that corresponds to the consonant and the preceeding vowel. For instance "up" is represented by ウㇷ゚ (u followed by small pu). In Unicode, Katakana Phonetic Extensions exist for Ainu language support [2] (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31F0.pdf). These characters are used mainly for the Ainu language only:
| | | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
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| 31F | | ㇰ | ㇱ | ㇲ | ㇳ | ㇴ | ㇵ | ㇶ | ㇷ | ㇸ | ㇹ | ㇺ | ㇻ | ㇼ | ㇽ | ㇾ | ㇿ
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See also
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