Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter

Keirsey Temperament Sorter - Definition and Overview
Related Words: Aptitude, Bent, Bias, Brand, Cast, Character, Characteristic, Characteristics, Compass, Composition, Constituents, Constitution, Dharma, Diapason, Eccentricity, Ethos, Fiber, Frame, Gamut
The location of Keirsey's four temperaments within the MBTI.
The Keirsey Temperament Sorter is a personality test which attempts to identify which of four temperaments, and which of sixteen types, a person prefers. Hippocrates, a Greek philosopher who lived from 460-377 B.C., proposed four temperaments, which are related to the four humours. These were sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic. In 1978, David Keirsey and Marilyn Bates reintroduced temperament theory in modern form and identified them as Guardian, Artisan, Idealist, and Rationalist. After developing modern temperament theory, Keirsey discovered the MBTI, and found that by combining intuition with the judging functions, NT and NF, and sensing with the perceiving functions, SJ and SP, he had descriptions similar to his four temperaments. This chart compares modern and ancient aspects of the theory:
c. 400 B.C. Hippocrates's four humours blood phlegm yellow bile black bile
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 Season: spring winter summer autumn
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 Element: air water fire earth
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 Organ: liver brain/lungs gall bladder spleen
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 Qualities: warm & moist cold & moist warm & dry cold & dry
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 Characteristics: courageous, hopeful, amorous calm, unemotional easily angered, bad tempered despondent, sleepless, irritable
c. 325 B.C. Aristotle's four sources of happiness hedone (sensuous pleasure) propraitari (acquiring assets) ethikos (moral virtue) dialogike (logical investigation)
c. 190 A.D.' Galen's four temperaments sanguine phlegmatic choleric melancholic
c. 1550 Paracelsus's four totem spirits changeable salamanders industrius gnomes inspired nymphs curious sylphs
c. 1905 Adicke's four world views innovative traditional doctrinaire skeptical
c. 1914 Spränger's four value attitudes artistic economic religious theoretic
c. 1920 Kretchmer's four character styles hypomanic depressive hyperesthetic anesthetic
c. 1947 Erich Fromm's four orientations exploitative hoarding receptive marketing
c. 1958 Myers's cognitive function types SP - sensory perception SJ - sensory judgement NF - intuitive feeling NT - intuitive thinking
c. 1978 Keirsey's four temperaments artisan guardian idealist rational
Keirsey, David (1978). Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence. Prometheus Nemesis Book Co Inc; 1st ed edition (May 1, 1998). ISBN 1885705026.

Describing the temperaments

Guardians (SJs) seek membership or belonging and are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is logistical intelligence, which means that they excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting.

Artisans (SPs) seek freedom to act and are concerned with their ability to make an impact on people or situations. Their greatest strength is tactical intelligence, which means that they excel at acting, composing, producing, and motivating.

Rationals (NTs) seek mastery and self-control and are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is strategic intelligence, which means that they excel at engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating.

Idealists (NFs) seek meaning and significance and are concerned with finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomatic intelligence, which means that they excel at clarifying, unifying, individualizing, and inspiring.

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