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Legio I Parthica, as well as II and III Parthica, were Roman legions levied in 197 by the emperor Lucius Septimius Severus, for the campaigns against Parthia. The legion presence in the Middle East is recorded until the early 6th century.
After the success of Septimius Severus against Parthia, I and III Parthica remain in the region in the camp of Singara to avoid following rebellions and attacks from the Parthian Empire. The newly created province of Mesopotamia was to be an exception: it was ruled by men of equestrian order, not senators.
Legionaries from I Parthica were usually sent to other provinces, namely Lycia, Cilicia and Cyrenaica.
See also: List of Roman legions, Roman legion
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