- This article is about the demon Lilith. For other meanings of the word see Lilith (disambiguation).
Lilith is known as a Mesopotamian night demon with a penchant for destroying children and spilling the seed of men. She is also sometimes thought of as the first wife of the Biblical Adam. The Burney Relief, a Sumerian relief, is commonly thought to depict her; many believe there to be a connection between Lilith and Inanna, Sumerian Goddess of war and sexual pleasure.
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Lilith in mythology
Various versions of the Lilith myth exist; Hieronymus associated Lilith with the mythical Greek Lamia, a Libyan queen who mated with Zeus. After Zeus abandoned Lamia, Hera stole Lamia's children, and Lamia took revenge by stealing other women's children.
Her original name in Akkadian was "Lilitu". In Akkadian mythology she belonged to the same class of demons as Lilu, Ardat Lili and Idlu Lili. The transliteration from the Hebrew is "לילית" may be as "Lilith," "Lillith," or "Lilit".
Lilith in the Bible and other ancient texts
Lilith's name only appears once in the Old Testament at Isaiah 34:15, where it is translated as "great owl" in the King James Version of the Bible, leading to Lilith often being portrayed in imagery as an owl (this interpretation has been disputed).
However, some interpret the passage in Genesis 1:27 — "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them" — before describing a mate being made of Adam's rib and being called Eve in Genesis 2:22, to mean that Adam had a wife before Eve, and that this could have been Lilith. However, this divergence is often explained as a weaving together of two different creation myths, as the Bible describes man being created in both Genesis 1:26 and 2:7.
Lilith's name also appears in the Dead Sea Scrolls in passages that are based on the above-noted Isaiah reference, and in various places in the Talmud and the Zohar.
Lilith as Adam's first wife
The origin of Adam and Lilith is not clear, as only one explicit reference to her exists in the bible. However, the Hebrew tradition of placing an amulet around the neck of newborn boys, inscribed with the names of 3 angels who are to protect them from the Lilins until their circumcision, lends weight to the argument that Lilith has her origins in Hebrew mythology, and is not the creation of later medieval authors.
One medieval reference to Lilith as the first wife of Adam, The Alphabet of Ben-Sira, was authored anonymously. Lilith is described as refusing to assume a subservient role to Adam during sexual intercourse and deserts him ("She said, 'I will not lie below,' and he said, 'I will not lie beneath you, but only on top. For you are fit only to be in the bottom position, while I am to be the superior one.'"). Lilith then went on to mate with Asmodai and various other demons she found beside the Red Sea, creating countless lilin. Adam urged God to bring Lilith back, so three angels were dispatched after her. When the angels, Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof, made threats to kill one hundred of Lilith's demonic children for each day she stayed away, she countered that she would prey eternally upon the descendants of Adam and Eve, who could be saved only by invoking the names of the three angels, and did not return to Adam.
This story has similarities with the original Mesopotamian myth, where Lilith killed children, and so the practice of protecting children by placing Lilith amulets around their necks with the names of the three angels became a custom of many Jewish communities in medieval times. The practice still exists today.
This legend was mistakenly included in an English language book of rabbinic works (the author seemingly assumed that any ancient book read in the Jewish community must have been a rabbinic work). However, contrary to popular belief, The Alphabet of Ben-Sira is not a Jewish religious text; rather, it is a collection of stories about heroes of the Bible and Talmud. Modern historians are unsure of its original purpose, although it may have been a collection of risqué folk-tales, a refutation of Christians, Karaites or other separatist movement, or simply an anti-Jewish satire.
Lilith in popular culture
See Lilith (disambiguation).
See also
References
- Kramer's Translation of the Gilgamesh Prologue. Kramer, Samuel Noah. "Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree: A reconstructed Sumerian Text." Assyriological Studies of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 10. Chicago: 1938.
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