List of grammatical cases


List of grammatical cases - Definition

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This is a list of cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension. In the chart below, italics relate to constructed languages.

For meanings of the terms agent, patient, experiencer, and instrument, see theta role.

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Abessive case	the lack of something	without the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Inari Sami
Ablative case (1)	all-round indirect case	concerning the house	Inuktitut Latin Lithuanian Sanskrit
Ablative case (2)	movement away from something	away from the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian Inuktitut
Absolutive case (1)	patient, experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque
Absolutive case (2)	patient, involuntary experiencer	she crossed the ice; he slipped	nominative-absolutive languages
Absolutive case (3)	patient; experiencer; instrument	he pushed the door with his hand and it opened	Inuktitut
Accusative case (1)	patient	she opened the door	Czech Erzya Esperanto Finnish German Hungarian Inari Sami Latin Lithuanian Northern Sami Russian Serbian
Accusative case (2)	direct object of a transitive verb; made from; about; for a time	I see her	Inuktitut Serbian
Adessive case	adjacent location	near/at/by the house	Estonian Finnish Hungarian Lithuanian
Allative case	movement onto something	onto the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian Lithuanian
Causal case	because, because of	because of the house	Quechua
Causal-final case	efficient or final cause	for a house	Hungarian
Comitative case	in company of something	with the house	Estonian Finnish Inari Sami Northern Sami
Dative case	shows direction or receiver; instrument	for/to the house	Czech Erzya German Hindi Hungarian Inuktitut Latin Lithuanian Russian Serbian
Dedative case (Respective)	related to	related to the house	Quenya
Delative case	movement from the surface	from (the top of) the house	Hungarian
Disjunctive case	used when the subject is repeated for emphasis or to itemize a plural subject	the house and the car, they're both here	French (only for pronouns)
Distributive case	distribution by piece	per house	Finnish Hungarian
Distributive-temporal case	how often something happens	daily; on Sundays	Hungarian
Elative case	out of something	out of the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian
Ergative case	agent	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque Chechen Samoan
Ergative-genitive case	agent, possession	he pushed the door and it opened; her dog	Inuktitut
Essive case	temporary state of being	as the house	Estonian Finnish Inari Sami Inuktitut Middle Egyptian Northern Sami
Essive-formal case	marking a condition as a quality	as the house	Hungarian
Essive-modal case	marking a condition as an activity	as the house	Hungarian
Excessive case	marking a transition from a condition	from as being a house	Estonian Finnish
Final case	?	?
Formal case	?	?
Genitive case	shows relationship, possession	of the house	Czech Dutch Erzya Estonian Finnish German Greek Inari Sami Latin Lithuanian Northern Sami Russian Serbian Swedish
Illative case	movement into something	into the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian Inari Sami Lithuanian Northern Sami
Inessive case	inside something	inside the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian
Instrumental/Instructive case	marking the usage	by means of the house	Czech Finnish Lithuanian Russian Sanskrit Serbian
Instrumental-comitative case	?	?	Hungarian
Lative case	motion to location	to/into the house	Erzya Finnish
Locative case	location	at/on/in the house	Czech Hungarian (only for some traditional town names) Inari Sami Klingon Latvian Lithuanian Northern Sami Sanskrit Serbian
Modal case	?	?
Nominative case (1)	agent	he pushed the door and it opened	nominative-accusative languages
Nominative case (2)	agent; voluntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; she paused	nominative-absolutive languages
Oblique case	all-round case; any situation except nominative	concerning the house	Hindi
Partitive case	used for amounts	three houses	Estonian Finnish Inari Sami
Possessive case	direct possession of something	owned by the house	English Quenya
Prepositional case	when a preposition precedes the noun	in/on/by/with the house	Russian
Prolative case	movement using a surface or way	by way of/through the house	Erzya Estonian Finnish
Prosecutive case	?	?	Kalaallisut
Sociative case	along with something	with the house	Hungarian
Sublative case	movement onto the surface	on(to) the house	Hungarian
Superessive case	on the surface	on (top of) the house	Hungarian
Temporal case	specifying a time (only with time expressions)	at seven	Hungarian
Terminative case	marking the end of a movement or time	as far as the house	Estonian Hungarian
Translative case	change of a condition into another	(becoming) into a house	Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian
Vialis case	through or by	by way of the house, using the house	Inuktitut
Vocative case	used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition	Hey, house! O house! House!	Arabic Czech Greek Hindi Latin Lithuanian Sanskrit Serbian

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