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Maps are abstract objects used to represent real places and things by use of symbolization. In order for one to create a successful map, the creator must take into consideration the audience. They must ask themselves, who will use this map and what will they use it for? Then, taking into account the needs of the percipient, the creator is able to make a well designed map accordingly. Arthur H. Robinson, an American cartographer, says if the map is not properly designed "it will be a cartographic failure." He also claims, when considering all aspects of cartography, "map design is perhaps the most complex" (1953, pp. 120)
There is a purpose for every map; a reason it was constructed. From the very beginning of map making, maps "have been made for some particular purpose or set of purposes" (Robinson, 1982, pp. 3). The intent of the map should be illustrated in a manner in which the percipient acknowledges its purpose in a timely fashion. The term percipient refers to the person receiving information, coined by Arthur H. Robinson (MacEachren, 1995, pp. 5). The principle of figure-ground refers to this notion of engaging the user by presenting a clear presentation, leaving no confusion concerning the purpose of the map. This will enhance the users experience and keep his attention. If the user is unable to identify what is being demonstrated in a reasonable fashion, the map may be regarded as useless.
Making a meaningful map is the ultimate goal. MacEachren explains that a well designed map "is convincing because it implies authenticity" (1994, pp. 9). An interesting map will no doubt engage a reader. Information richness or a map that is multivariate shows relationships within the map. Showing several variables allows comparison, which adds to the meaningfulness of the map. This also generates hypothesis and stimulates ideas and perhaps further research. In order to convey the message of the map, the creator must design it in a manner which will aid the reader in the overall understanding of its purpose. The title of a map may provide the "needed link" necessary for communicating that message, but the overall design of the map fosters the manner in which the reader interprets it (Monmonier, 1993, pp. 93).
References
- Robinson, A.H. (1953) Elements of Cartography. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Robinson, A.H. (1982) Early Thematic Mapping: In the History of Cartography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- MacEachren, A.M. (1994) Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University.
- MacEachren, A.M. (1995) How Maps Work. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Monmonier, M. (1993) Mapping It Out. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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