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The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of 1952 (better known as the McCarran-Walter Act) was a law passed by the United States Congress restricting immigration into the United States.
It came into being despite heavy controversies between President Harry Truman and the House of Representatives and the Senate. Truman vetoed the so-called McCarran-Walter Act (named after sponsors Senator Pat McCarran (D-Nevada) and Congressman Francis Walter (D-PA)) because he regarded the bill as "un-American" and discriminatory. The two chambers neglected the president's veto but applied some changes to the bill.
Racial restrictions which previously existed were abolished in the INA, but a quota system was retained and the policy of restricting the numbers of immigrants from certain countries was continued. Eventually, the INA established a preference system which selected which ethnical groups were desirable immigrants and placed great importance on labor qualifications.
The INA defined three types of immigrants: 1. relatives of US citizens who were exempt from quotas and who were to be admitted without restrictions; 2. average immigrants whose numbers was not supposed to exceed 270,000 per year; 3. refugees.
The Act allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. It was used over the years to bar members and former members and "fellow travellers" of the Communist Party from entry into the United States, even those who had not been associated with the party for decades.
The Act had been used to exclude numerous prominent individuals until its ideological clauses were repealed in 1988. These include British sociologist Torn Bottomore, Argentine novelist Julio Cortazar, Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish, Italian playwright Dario Fo, Colombian novelist and Nobel laureate Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Chilean poet and Nobel Laureate Pablo Neruda, Uruguayan scholar Angel Raxna authors Graham Greene (Great Britain), Doris Lessing (Great Britain), philosopher Michel Foucault (France), authors Dennis Brutus (South Africa), Farley Mowat (Canada), Kobo Abe (Japan), Carlos Fuentes (another Nobel Laureate) (Mexico), and Jan Myrdal (Sweden)[1] (http://www.pen.org/corefreedoms/3.html) as well as Pierre Trudeau prior to becoming Prime Minister of Canada.
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