 A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The Middle East is a subregion of Africa-Eurasia, or more specifically, Asia, and sometimes North Africa.
Three main cultures of the Middle East are Persian, Arabic and Turkish cultures. These cultural spheres have three genetically different languages and ethnicities i.e. Persian, Turkish and Arabic.
Most definitions of Middle East in established dictionaries and common usage are 'nations in Southwest Asia from Iran to Egypt'. Hence, Egypt, although mostly in Northeast Africa, is usually also considered part of the Middle East. Other North African nations like Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco are frequently and increasingly simply called North Africa in contrast to Middle Eastern (Iran to Egypt - Asia) by international media.
History
Main article: History of the Middle East
Starting in the middle of the 20th century, the Middle East has been at the centre of world affairs, and is probably the modern world's most strategically, economically, politically and culturally sensitive area. It possesses huge stocks of crude oil, is the birthplace and spiritual centre of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and is the location of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict.
Borders
The term Middle East defines a general area, so does not have precise borders. It is generally taken to include: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen and the Palestinian Territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
The countries of the Maghreb (Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia) are frequently linked to the Middle East due to their strong historical and cultural associations, as is Sudan. The African countries Mauritania and Somalia also have links to the region. Turkey and Cyprus, although geographically inside or close to the Middle East, consider themselves to be part of Europe (although the 'Middle East Technical University' is located in Ankara, Turkey). To the east, Afghanistan is sometimes linked to the Middle East.
Eurocentrism
Some have criticized the term Middle East for its perceived Eurocentrism: The region is only east when considered from the perspective of western Europe. To an Indian, it lies to the west; to a Russian, it lies to the south. The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Persia, Afghanistan and sometimes Central Asia, Turkestan and the Caucasus. In contrast, Far East refers to the countries of East Asia e.g. China, Japan, Koreas, Hong Kong, Taiwan etc.
With the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, Near East largely fell out of common use, while Middle East came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Arab world. However, the usage of Near East was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East).
Indirect translations
There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages, but, since it is a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally. See , , and for examples.
Similar terms
In some ways the ambiguity of Middle East is an advantage, since it can be used in changing cultural and political circumstances. The ambiguity of the term annoys some geographers, however, who have tried to popularise Southwest Asia as an alternative, although with little success. Other alternatives include: West Asia, which has become the preferred term of use in India, both by the government and by the media; Arab world, which is used in some contexts, but excludes the non-Arab residents of the region; and Middle East-North Africa (MENA), which is sometimes used to encompass the zone from Morocco to Iran. The diplomacy of the G-8 refers to a Greater Middle East which encompasses the Arab League including all of its African member states, as well as Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Israel.
Geography
See: Geography of Southwest Asia and Geography of Asia
Regions of the Middle East
See Middle Eastern Regions for more information
- Caucasus - Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia
- Anatolia - Turkey
- Mediterranean Sea - Cyprus
- Arabia, see Persian Gulf States - Saudi Arabia, Qatar, U.A.E., Oman, Yemen, Bahrain - Iraq
- The Levant - Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine's Gaza Strip and West Bank, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula
- Iranian Plateau
See also Mesopotamia, Orientalism, Cradle of Humanity
External links
- Ancient Near East .net (http://www.ancientneareast.net/) - provides a comprehensive portal to the archaeology and ancient cultures of the Near / Middle East
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