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The Misumalpan languages are a small family of Native American languages spoken on the east coast of Nicaragua and nearby areas. Joseph Greenberg considers them to constitute a subfamily of the nuclear Chibchan group.
They include:
- Cacaopera - extinct; formerly spoken in the Morazán department of El Salvador
- Matagalpa - extinct; formerly spoken in the central highlands of Nicaragua and the El Paraíso department of Honduras
- Miskito - nearly 200,000 speakers, mainly in the North Atlantic Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, but including some in Honduras.
- Sumo (includes Ulwa and Mayangna) - some 7,000 speakers along the Huaspuc River and its tributaries, most in Nicaragua but some in Honduras. Many of them have shifted to Miskito.
External links
Bibliography
- Colette Craig & Kenneth Hale, "A Possible Macro-Chibchan Etymon", Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 34, 1992.
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1987) ``Elementos de Fonología Comparada de las Lenguas Misumalpas, Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 13 (1), 129-161.
- Constenla Umaña A. (1998). Acerca de la relación genealógica de las lenguas lencas y las lenguas misumalpas, Communication presented at the First Archeological Congress of Nicaragua (Managua, 20-21 July), to appear in 2002 in Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 28 (1).
- Hale, Ken. El causativo misumalpa (miskitu, sumu). In Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 1996, 30:1-2.
- Hale, Ken (1991) ``Misumalpan Verb Sequencing Constructions, in C. Lefebvre, ed., Serial Verbs: Grammatical, Comparative, and Cognitive Approaches, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
- Ruth Rouvier, "Infixation and reduplication in Misumalpan: A reconstruction" (B.A., Berkeley, 2002)
- Phil Young and T. Givón. "The puzzle of Ngäbére auxiliaries: Grammatical reconstruction in Chibchan and Misumalpan", in William Croft, Suzanne Kemmer and Keith Denning, eds., Studies in Typology and Diachrony: Papers presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th birthday, Typological Studies in Language 20, John Benjamins 1990.
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