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Neo-Orthodoxy, also known as Dialectal or Crisis theology, is a conservative Protestant theologal system created by the 19th century theologian Karl Barth (1886-1968).
Briefly, its main points are that the Bible is infallible and should be taken literally, that God is wholly Other as absolutely Transcendent, and that the fall of Adam has tainted all of humanity through Original Sin. For Barth, there is nothing that humans can do to make us right with God, instead all must surrender to God's Will to receive God's Grace. Furthermore, all humanity is subject to the Gospel; Christianity is thus the only true faith in Barth's eyes.
Thus, Karl Barth can be seen as a sort of Protestant Thomas Aquinus or St. Augustine of Hippo and is diametrically opposed to liberal Christian theology present in the Enlightenment, which can be typified by Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834).
This theological system is often used by the Calvinist Reformed Church, and by some Presbyterian Churches.
While this system is strongly conservative, it does accept historical approaches to understanding the Bible and does not completely disavow human reason, which makes it different than Christian Fundamentalism.
To better understand Neo-Orthodoxy, it may also be useful to look at the term Orthodox to understand how Barth can be seen as a 'New-Traditionalist'
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