The New Act of Supremacy, also known as the "Second Act of Supremacy," was the reinstatement of the original Act of Supremacy (1534). The English monarch was again the head of the Church of England, above the authority of the Pope. This was enacted by Queen Elizabeth I, the Protestant monarch after the Catholic Mary I. Anyone who took public or church office was forced to take the Oath of Supremacy; there were penalties for violating that oath. However, Elizabeth, who was a politique, did not prosecute Nonconformists, or those who did not follow the Church of England, unless their worship undermined the authority of the English monarch.