Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille (March 15, 1713 – March 21, 1762) was a French astronomer.

He is noted for his catalogue of nearly 10,000 southern stars, including 42 nebulous objects. This catalogue, called Coelum Australe Stelliferum, was published posthumously in 1763. It introduced 14 new constellations which have since become standard.

Born at Rumigny, in the Ardennes, left destitute by the death of his father, who held a post in the household of the duchess of Vendôme, his theological studies at the College de Lisieux in Paris were undertaken at the expense of the duke of Bourbon.

After he had taken deacon's orders, however, he concentrated on science, and, through the patronage of Jacques Cassini, obtained employment, first in surveying the coast from Nantes to Bayonne, then, in 1739, in remeasuring the French arc of the meridian. The success of this difficult operation, which occupied two years, and achieved the correction of the anomalous result published by J. Cassini in 1718, was mainly due to Lacaille's industry and skill. He was rewarded by admission to the Academy and the appointment of mathematical professor in Mazarin college, where he worked in a small observatory fitted for his use.

His desire to observe the southern heavens led him to propose, in 1750, an astronomical expedition to the Cape of Good Hope, which was officially sanctioned. Among its results were determinations of the lunar and of the solar parallax (Mars serving as an intermediary), the first measurement of a South African arc of the meridian, and the observation of 10,000 southern stars. On his return to Paris in 1754 Lacaille was distressed to find himself an object of public attention; he withdrew to Mazarin college, and there died of an attack of gout aggravated by over-work.

Lalande said of him that, during a comparatively short life, he had made more observations and calculations than all the astronomers of his time put together. The quality of his work rivalled its quantity, while the disinterestedness and rectitude of his moral character earned him universal respect.

Principal Works

• Astronomiae Fundamenta (1757), containing a standard catalogue of 398 stars, re-edited by F. Baily (Memoirs Roy. Astr. Society, v. 93)
• Tabulae Solares (1758)
• Coelum australe stelliferum (1763) (edited by J. D. Maraldi), giving zone observations of 10,000 stars, and describing fourteen new constellations
• Observations sur 515 étoiles du Zodiaque (published in t. vi. of his Ephémérides, 1763)
• Leçons élémentaires de Mathématiques (1741), frequently reprinted
• ditto de Mécanique (1743), &c.
• ditto d'Astronomie (1746), 4th edition augmented by Lalande (1779)
• ditto d'Optique (1750), &c.
• Calculations by him of eclipses for eighteen hundred years were inserted in L'Art de vérifier les dates by Benedictine historian Charles Clémencet (1750)
• he communicated to the Academy in 1755 a classed catalogue of forty two southern nebulae, and gave in t. ii. of his Ephémérides (1755) practical rules for the employment of the lunar method of longitudes, proposing in his additions to Pierre Bouguer's Traité de Navigation (1760) the model of a nautical almanac.

Constellations changed by the monk Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1763

Argo Navis | split into | Carina | Puppis | Pyxis | Vela

Telescopium | created from parts of | Sagittarius | Scorpio | Ophiuchus | Corona Australis

Ophiuchus | split into | Ophiuchus | Serpens

Eridanus | split into | Eridanus | Fornax

Ara | created from parts of | Centaurus | Lupus

Constellations introduced by the monk Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1763

Antlia | Caelum | Circinus | Horologium | Mensa | Microscopium | Norma | Octans | Pictor | Reticulum | Sculptor

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

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