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After the abolition of slavery in 1807, the planters of the then-British Guiana sought alternative sources of labour. They were eager to recruit white labourers in order to bolster the proportion of white to coloured residents in the colony. In 1834, the first Portuguese people arrived from the island of Madeira, having been sponsored by a coalition of planters and by the colonial government. Between 1834 and 1882, some 30,645 Portuguese arrived in Guiana from Madeira, the Azores Islands, Cape Verde and Brazil.
The Madeiran Portuguese, or simply Madeirans as they became to be known, soon shunned working in the fields given the high mortality rate due to tropical diseases. They soon settled in Georgetown, New Amsterdam and other towns in Guiana and dedicated themselves to the retail and wholegoods trade. By 1851, 173 out of 296 shops in Georgetown were Portuguese-owned while the figure was 28 out of 52 in New Amsterdam. In 1891, Portuguese numbered 4.3% of the population of Guiana.
The Portuguese of Guiana faced considerable discrimination from both the black Creoles and the white British ruling class. The former believed them to be opportunists and lackies of the white establishment while the latter considered the Portuguese inferior due to their Catholic and Mediterranean roots. Tensions boiled over on a number of occasions and Georgetown experienced a spate of race riots, most notably in 1856 and 1898. On both occasions, disgruntled black Creoles directed their anger against Portuguese-owned shops and widespread looting occurred leading to damages of over $30,000 in 1856 and over $200,000 in 1898.
Eventually, the Portuguese assimilated and became part of Guianese society. They Anglicized their surnames and began to speak English as their primary language. However, during the struggle for independence, the Portuguese came to be identified with the British colonial establishment while the ethnic Indo-Guyanese and black Guyanese fought over power. The 1964 killing of the civil servant Arthur Abraham, an ethnic Portuguese, led many to emigrate before Britain introduced restrictions. Many Portuguese Guyanese now live in London, Toronto, other parts of the Caribbean and the United States.
Some have advanced the idea that the Portuguese presence in the Guianas predates 1834. Portuguese Sephardic Jews had settled in neighbouring Dutch Guiana, Suriname in the 17th century before the Dutch arrived. Portuguese Jewish communities also exist in Aruba and Curaçao. Some of the Portuguese in Guyana may have their origins in these Dutch-speaking Portuguese. They were known as the "Curaçao Portuguese" within the larger Portuguese community.
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