The President is the head of state and of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. The president heads the Executive branch of the government, which includes the Cabinet, and is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

According to the current constitution (1987), the President must be at least 40 years of age, a Filipino citizen by birth, and is a resident of the Philippines for the past 10 years prior to election. The Filipinos directly elect the president who wins on a plurality vote. The president serves a term of six years and may no longer run for re-election, unless he/she becomes president through constitutional succession and have served for no more than 4 years as president.

The Presidents

The Philippines has had a total of fourteen presidents. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, the current president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, is considered the 14th president.

While the Philippines recognizes Aguinaldo to be the first president, he is not internationally recognized because the First Republic fell under the United States following the Philippine-American War. Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president (and the first to win an election — Aguinaldo was appointed) by the United States and in international diplomatic and political circles.

The Philippines had two presidents at one point during WW2 heading two governments. One was Quezon heading the Commonwealth government-in-exile (considered de jure) and the other was J. P. Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored republic (considered de facto). Laurel was not recognized as a Philippine president formally until the Macapagal administration.

First Republic (1899–1901)

• Emilio Aguinaldo : 1899–1901 — recognised by the Philippines as the first president.

Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)

• Manuel Luis Quezon : 1935–1941, 1941–1944 (died from Tuberculosis)
• Sergio Osme�a : 1944–1946 (assumed the presidency on Quezon's death)
• Manuel Roxas : 1946

Second Republic (1943–1945)

• Jose P. Laurel : 1943–1945

Third Republic (1946–1973)

• Manuel Roxas : 1946–1948 (died from a heart attack)
• Elpidio Quirino : 1948–1949 (assumed the presidency on Roxas' death), 1949–1953
• Ramon Magsaysay : 1953–1957 (died in a plane crash)
• Carlos P. Garcia : 1957 (assumed the presidency on Magsaysay's death), 1957–1961
• Diosdado Macapagal : 1961–1965
• Ferdinand E. Marcos : 1965–1969, 1969–1972 (proclaimed martial law, September 22-23, 1972)

Fourth Republic (1981–1986)

• Ferdinand E. Marcos : 1981–1986, 1986 (In 1973, a new constitution deemed to supersede 1935 Constitution; presidential rule continued however until a new term and "new republic" inaugurated in 1981; deposed)

Fifth Republic (1987–Present)

• Corazon C. Aquino : 1986–1992
• Fidel V. Ramos : 1992–1998
• Joseph Ejercito Estrada : 1998–2001 (deposed by Supreme Court) 1998–2004 (supposed tenure)
• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo : 2001–2004 (assumed the presidency on Supreme Court approval ), 2004–present (elected tenure)

External links

Official websites

• Office of the President of the Philippines (http://www.op.gov.ph)
• Official Government Portal of the Philippines (http://www.gov.ph)

Projects

The Philippine Presidency Project (http://www.pangulo.ph/)

ja:フィリピンの大統領 tl:Pangulo ng Pilipinas zh:菲律宾总统