 Molecular structure of quinine Quinine, C20H24N2O2,
is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic, anti-malarial and analgesic properties and a bitter taste.
Quinine was the specific agent used in the treatment of malaria until it was supplanted by more effective synthetic drugs like quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine. Quinine may still be used to treat resistant malaria, nocturnal leg cramps and arthritis. It was also used in an attempt to treat people who had been infected by prions, but with only limited success.
Quinine was extracted from the bark, isolated and named in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou. The name was derived from the original Quechua (Native American) word for the Cinchona tree bark: "Quina" or "Quina-Quina" means, roughly, "bark of bark" or "holly bark."
The large scale use of Quinine as a prophylactic started around 1850, although it had been use in un-extracted from by Europeans since at least the 17th century. It was originally derived from the bark of several species of the Cinchona, an Amazonian tree called quina quina by Peruvian Indians. The bark (called Peruvian_Bark) was know for its medical properties by the natives, but did not enter popular knowledge to Europeans until its abilities to combat malaria was discovered. The exact date of this discovery is controversial: malaria was not native to South_America, so the natives did not know of this anti-malarial property. In 1742 the barks anti-malarial properties were supposedly discovered by the Countess of Cinchona, when native healers cured her malaria with it, But medical reference and export of the bark had began up to 200 years earlier.
Cinchona trees remained the only source of quinine until research under wartime pressure led to its artificial production: its chemical synthesis was accomplished in 1944 by R.B. Woodward and W.E. Doering, American chemists.
Use of quinine in therapeutic doses may cause cinchonism; in excessive doses or rare cases, it may even cause death. In very large doses quinine also acts as an abortifacient, or may cause birth defects, especially deafness.
Quinine is a flavour component of tonic water. According to tradition, the bitter taste of antimalarial quinine tonic led British colonials in India to mix it with gin, thus creating the Gin and Tonic cocktail.
However, even if this was the case, today's refreshing gin & tonic is a rather different drink from theirs: the quantity of quinine in a glass of modern-day tonic water is a fraction of that formerly used in treating malaria. In the US, for example, the FDA limits tonic water quinine to 83 ppm which is one half to one quarter the concentration used in therapeutic tonic.
Reactions
Quinine_reaction1.png
Image:Quinine reaction1.png
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