The Lusitania was a British cargo and passenger ship that was torpedoed and sank within sight of the coast of Southern Ireland, due to German submarine activity in May of 1915. It was here that Captain Turners ill fated ship was thrown into darkness.
That any residual coal dust would at this point have been dry enough to ignite is reasonably questionable. The submarine U-20, commanded by Captain Walther Schweiger, seems to have also had a routine and uneventful journey, until he encountered the prestigious target.
The Lusitania was principally a luxury passenger liner built to exchange people and property between England and the United States.
It is now known that a secret warning was made to the wealthiest of the ship's passengers, reporting that trouble from U-boat activity was to be expected, and advising the same not to travel. It has since been further argued that the Lusitania was coldly sacrificed by the 1st Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, as a maneuver to hasten America's involvement in the European conflict.
NOTICE!
TRAVELERS intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. <p>
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY Washington, D.C. April 22, 1915 </blockquote>Given that the great ship, like so many other private vessels, had been fitted out, in her instance with 12" gun mounts, carefully hidden under coils of rope, legitimately made her a target. She was also hauling hundreds of rounds of artillery ammunition and hundreds of thousands of rounds of rifle and small-bore cartridges, making her a military transport of sorts.
Six days after setting out, on May 7 1915, the Lusitania was too slow in noticing both the periscope and the torpedo of the German submarine in her wake.
The ship's sinking was seen by the Allies as yet another example of the "barbarity" of the German war machine, particularly in the context of Germany's actions in occupied France and Belgium.
Infamously, a Munich metalworker named Karl Goetz struck commemorative medallions apparently celebrating its sinking as a triumph of the German navy over the British.
The German government only learned of the medal through the British press and launched an inquiry. Goetz defended his medals as satire, but the government had their distribution halted.
Selfridges of London had been pre-commissioned by British propagandists to make several thousand copies, which were then sold to benefit the British Red Cross.
Cargo
The Lusitania is reported to have carried, under the guise of bales of fur and cheese boxes, 3" (76mm) shells and millions of rounds of rifle ammunition. If true, these materials comprised "a contraband and explosive cargo which was forbidden by American law and... should never have been placed on a passenger liner":
(Simpson, Colin. The Lusitania. Little, Brown and Company, Boston., 1972; 157-158).
Many of Simpson's claims are under scrutiny and rebutted by Bailey and Ryan in their book The Lusitania Disaster: An Episode in Modern Warfare and Diplomacy.
The Lusitania was also carrying 46 tons of aluminum powder heading for the Woolrich Arsenal. The powder may have been thrown into the air by the torpedo impact, and as it settled, reached the critical explosion point, triggering the second explosion which has usually been considered fatal to the ship.
Other theories as to the source of the second explosion have been a coal dust explosion, boiler explosion, steam line fracture, or even a second torpedo. The last of these options was denied by the Germans, but the subsequent doctoring of the submarine journal casts suspicion on the one-torpedo claim.
(O'Sullivan, Patrick. The Lusitania: Unravelling the Mysteries. Sheridan House, 2000)
(Ballard, Robert D. and Spencer Dunmore. Exploring the Lusitania. Warner Books, 1995)
(Preston, Diana. Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy. Berkley Books, 2002)
Passengers and Crew
Captain Turner, it is told, was equally impatient with scholars and millionaires but listened to the protestations of one of his passengers who had approached him in his day cabin, expressing his concerns for their safety, and the lack of passenger drill.
The Professor Ian S. Holbourn, the Laird of Foula (Shetland Isle, Scotland) had insisted that the Captain order Lifeboat drills and that more such precautions be taken, his efforts to stimulate a little spirited safety awareness (during a time of war), was nothing if not vindicated, by the widespread panic that was to be observed when the lights went out.
To his credit Holbourn guided some panic stricken passengers firstly to his cabin where he fitted them with life belts, even offering up his own, then he steered them through the dark tilting passageways of the ship to her decks and the safety of one of the ship's lifeboats.
The youngest in this party being Avis Dolphin, who was escorted by her nursemaids Hilda Ellis and Sarah Smith. Having found a lifeboat for the child and her nurses, the Professor himself dived into the freezing ocean to find himself surrounded by a mass of bodies and wreckage.
His hope of reaching the nearest boat was interrupted, when he was compelled by his innate humanity to take with him a man who was floating helpless, he found his way to a boat, but the body he had pulled along with him was dead by the time he was picked up by a ship's lifeboat.
He was later transferred on to the Stormcock from the Wanderer of Peel with many other wet and injured survivors, being thus amongst the first of the 764 rescued to arrive at Queenstown at Eight Oclock that night.
The official list of the Cunard Steamship Company for the missing and lost of this fateful voyage was 1,195 to be lost, this figure being dated 1st March 1916, a full ten months after the event.
It is not surprising that the Professor Ian S. Holbourn was aware of the imminent dangers presented by Transatlantic crossings during the early months of the Great War, what with his recent insights into the largely hushed up events surrounding the HMS Oceanic off Foula, and to some extent was prepared to face the worst.
Some well-known people who perished on the Lusitania:
The bodies of many of the 1195 drowned in the sinking of the Lusitania were recovered and buried in a Lusitania plot in the burial ground in Cobh.
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