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Rachel Corrie (April 10, 1979 - March 16, 2003 was a member of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM) who traveled as an activist to the Gaza Strip, during the Al-Aqsa Intifada. She was killed after she attempted to block an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Caterpillar D9 bulldozer conducting military operations in Rafah.

Her death sparked controversy, with various advocates scrambling to blame it on the IDF, the ISM, Palestinian terror, and on Corrie herself.

Contents

1 Early life 2 Activities in Gaza 3 Corrie's death 4 Responsibility for Corrie's death 4.1 Calls for a US investigation 5 Reactions 6 Memorials 6.1 In Gaza 7 External links and references

Early life

Raised in Olympia, Washington, Rachel graduated from Capital High School, then attended The Evergreen State College, where she studied the arts and international relations. She joined the Olympia Movement for Justice and Peace and participated in various peace and environmental activities, then joined the International Solidarity Movement (ISM) in her senior year. She took a leave of absence to initiate a sister city project between Olympia and Rafah and to participate in ISM-organized demonstrations in Rafah.

Activities in Gaza

On January 18, 2003, Corrie travelled to the Gaza Strip, where she attended two days of training in non-violent resistance before joining other ISM activists in direct-action protests. Through February and March, she:

• Took part in a mock trial of President of the United States George W. Bush for his alleged war crimes against the people of Gaza
• Took part in a demonstration, part of the February 15 global protests against the war in Iraq, where she burned a paper representation of the US flag, after refusing to burn an Israeli flag. (see photo, right)
• Occupied the area around local wells. The ISM says that these "human shield" operations are designed to protect the wells and Palestinian workers from the IDF. (see photo, right)
• Obstructed IDF demolition operations in Rafah.

As well as participating in direct action, Corrie described herself as an observer of Israeli troops actions in the area. Corrie documented the destruction of 25 greenhouses, the digging up of the road to Gaza City by the Israeli army, and the shots that were fired by Israeli soldiers at Rafah Municipal Water Authority workers rebuilding the Canada and El Iskan wells, which she said were bulldozed by the Israeli military on January 30. She also wrote about the smuggling tunnels in Gaza in her report: "Events Surrounding the Deaths of 2 Men in Tunnels beneath the Block O area". [1] (http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0303/S00019.htm)

In emails [2] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,916299,00.html) to her family Corrie described what she witnessed and expressed her frustration over it. On March 14, in an interview with the Middle East Broadcasting network, Corrie said: "I feel like I'm witnessing the systematic destruction of a people's ability to survive. It's horrifying. It takes a while to get what's happening here. People here are trying to maintain their lives, trying to be happy. Sometimes I sit down to dinner with people and I realize there is a massive military machine surrounding us, trying to kill the people I'm having dinner with." [3] (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1329/is_5_28/ai_107897303/)

Corrie met and spoke with local Palestinians and spent several days and nights with Palestinian families in Rafah. In e-mails to her mother, she mentioned watching the cartoon Gummi Bears dubbed in Arabic and helping a Palestinian boy with his English homework. She was also involved in a children's pen pal program between the Gaza Strip and the U.S. During her stay, she communicated by e-mail with "Danny," a reserve first sergeant in the Israeli army, who wrote to her: "You are doing a good thing. I thank you for it," and asked Corrie to "document as much as you can and do not embellish anything with creative writing."

Corrie's death

The Israeli military frequently uses armored bulldozers to destroy buildings and farmland in Rafah, inside the Israeli security zone or "no man's land" near the border with Egypt. The IDF says that the demolitions are intended to uncover explosive devices, and destroy smuggling tunnels and firing positions. Palestinians are sometimes killed in demolition operations, which critics consider to be a form of collective punishment in violation of international law. Proponents see them as a legitimate measure of self-defense.

On March 16, 2003, Corrie was in a group of seven ISM activists (three British and four Americans) attempting to disrupt what they thought were house demolitions. The IDF later said it was not intending to demolish houses but was clearing debris and shrubbery to expose explosive devices.

The following is a description from Joseph Smith, an ISM activist from Kansas City, Missouri, of the events leading to Corrie's death." [4] (http://www.ccmep.org/2003_articles/Palestine/032003_the_moments_before.htm)

"[Between 13:00 and 13:30, activists] noticed that two Israeli Army bulldozers and one tank [had] entered onto Palestinian civilian property near the border and [were] demolishing farmland and other already damaged structures. The military machine was severely threatening near-by homes, so the 3 activists went up onto the roof of one home, and then called for others to come.

"[Between 13:30 and 14:00], I arrived, and one of the three activists in [sic] the house joined me on the ground . . . [W]e began to disrupt the work of the bulldozers . . . At this point, Rachel and the two other activists joined us . . . Rachel and a British activist were wearing jackets that were fluorescent orange and had reflective stripping [sic] . . . [Between 14:00 and 15:00], Rachel and two other activists began interfering with the other bulldozer, which was attempting to destroy grass and other plants on what used to be farmland. They stood and sat in its path, and though it would drive very close to them, and even move the earth on which they were sitting, it always stopped in time to avoid injuring them . . . [Between 15:00 and 16:00], one bulldozer pushed Will, an American activist, up against a pile of barbed wire. Fortunately, the bulldozer stopped and withdrew just in time to avoid injuring him seriously, but we had to dig him out of the rubble, and unhook his clothing from the wire. The tank approached to see if he was ok. One soldier stuck his head out of the tank to see, and he looked quite shocked and dumbfounded, but said nothing . . . [Later], [t]he bulldozer drivers began waving at us, making faces, laughing, and shouting what sounded like lewd comments. One even removed his helmet and posed for a picture, which unfortunately didn't turn out.

"[Between 16:45 and 17:00], [o]ne bulldozer, serial number 949623, began to work near the house of a physician who is a friend of ours . . . Rachel sat down in the pathway of the bulldozer . . . [It] continued driving forward headed straight for Rachel. When it got so close that it was moving the earth beneath her, she climbed onto the pile of rubble being pushed by the bulldozer. She got so high onto it that she was at eye-level with the cab of the bulldozer. . . . Despite this, he continued forward, which pulled her legs into the pile of rubble, and pulled her down out of view of the driver . . . We ran towards him, and waved our arms and shouted, one activist with the megaphone. But [he] continued forward, until Rachel was underneath the central section of the bulldozer . . . Despite the obviousness of her position, the bulldozer began to reverse, without lifting its blade, and drug [sic] the blade over her body again. He continued to reverse until he was on the boarder [sic] strip, about 100 meters away, and left her crushed body in the sand. Three activists ran to her and began administering first-responder medical treatment . . . She said, "My back is broken!" but nothing else . . .

"[Between 17:00 and 17:15], the ambulance arrived . . . She was still breathing [when the paramedics carried her to the ambulance] and her eyes were open, but she was clearly in a great deal of pain . . . She was brought directly to the emergency room, and was in there when I arrived in a taxi. [At 17.20], she was pronounced dead . . ."

Journalist Judy Lash Balint, who was not present, disputes this account and claims that ISM's version is full of contradictions and misinformation. [5] (http://www.jerusalemdiaries.com/article/83) A major point of dispute is Rachel's interaction with the bulldozer and what really caused her death — a stroke from the blade or falling debris, or whether she was crushed under the bulldozer tracks and blade.

The eyewitness accounts of various ISM members and Palestinian witnesses are not consistent on these points. For example, they do not agree on whether Corrie was at first standing, sitting, kneeling, or lying in the path of the bulldozer. Though Joseph Smith said, "She sat down in front of it ...", other eyewitnesses described the event differently. Tom Dale of ISM stated "Rachel knelt down in its way," Greg Schnabel of ISM stated "Rachel was standing in front of this home," Richard Purssell of ISM stated "Rachel stood to confront the bulldozer ..." while Ali Al-Shaar (a Palestinian) stated "The American girl was lying in front of the bulldozer ..." Joseph Smith said "[He] continued to drive until she was forced onto the top of the dirt he was pushing," Tom Dale stated "The bulldozer reached her and she began to stand up, climbing onto the mound of earth," Greg Schnabel stated "The bulldozer began to push up the ground from beneath her feet," Richard Purssell stated "Rachel climbed up the pile and at the one stage was looking into the cabin window," and Ali Al-Shaar stated "... the bulldozer took sand and put it over her." [6] (http://electronicintifada.net/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/7/1263)

Richard Purssell stated "She began to slide down the pile, however as soon as her feet touched the ground for some reason she fell forward. Maybe her foot was caught or the weight of the soil pushed her forward."

ISM activist Tom Dale was standing just yards away from Corrie. He told journalist Joshua Hammer, Jerusalem bureau chief for Newsweek:

"The bulldozer built up earth in front of it. Its blade was slightly dug into the earth. She began to stand up. The earth was pushed over her feet. She tried to climb on top of the earth, to avoid being overwhelmed. She climbed to the point where her shoulders were above the top lip of the blade. She was standing on this pile of earth. As the bulldozer continued, she lost her footing, and she turned and fell down this pile of earth. Then it seemed like she got her foot caught under the blade. She was helpless, pushed prostrate, and looked absolutely panicked, with her arms out, and the earth was piling itself over her. The bulldozer continued so that the place where she fell down was directly beneath the cockpit. I think she would have been between the treads. The whole [incident] took place in about six or seven seconds," (Mother Jones, Sept-Oct 2003). [7] (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1329/is_5_28/ai_107897303/pg_1)

Smith's claim that they heard the bulldozer driver shouting at them (Smith, section 16:00-16:45 (http://www.ccmep.org/2003_articles/Palestine/032003_the_moments_before.htm) ), is contradicted by the driver. Dooby, an army reservist and Russian immigrant, told Hammer it is hard to communicate from the cabin of the bulldozer, because it is hard to see or hear. Armored bulldozers have noisy engines and thick plates of glass. Dooby has long experience as a bulldozer operator, according to Joshua Hammer. Hammer writes that, in an interview broadcast on Israeli television, Dooby said his field of vision was limited inside the D9 cabin and that he had no idea Corrie was in front of the machine. Dooby said:

"You can't hear, you can't see well. You can go over something and you'll never know. I scooped up some earth, I couldn't see anything. I pushed the earth, and I didn't see her at all. Maybe she was hiding in there."

The IDF produced a video about Corrie's death that includes footage taken from inside the cockpit of a D9. It makes a "credible case," writes Hammer, that "the operators, peering out through narrow, double-glazed, bulletproof windows, their view obscured behind pistons and the giant scooper, might not have seen Corrie kneeling in front of them," (Mother Jones).

Responsibility for Corrie's death

Because the Caterpillar D9 bulldozers have a restricted field of vision with several blind spots, Israeli army regulations normally require that other soldiers assist in directing bulldozer drivers, but the Israeli army commander of the Gaza Strip said in an interview broadcast on Israeli television that, on the day of Corrie's death, soldiers had to stay in their armored vehicles and were not able to direct the bulldozer, or arrest the protesters, because of a potential threat from Palestinian snipers. He also said that Israeli soldiers may have been handling other ISM activists instead of watching over the bulldozer. The ISM activists in the vicinity say they were not being "handled" by soldiers at the time of the incident.

The Israeli government promised a "thorough, credible, and transparent investigation." An initial autopsy was performed at the National Center of Forensic Medicine in Tel Aviv. The Olympian reported that the autopsy report of March 20 concluded that Corrie's death was "caused by pressure on the chest from a mechanical apparatus." [8] (http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20030614/frontpage/28005.shtml)

However, the Jerusalem Post, quoting an Israeli military spokesman, reported that Corrie had not been run over. "An autopsy found that the cause of Corrie's death was falling debris," the Post reported. The military spokesman said: "The driver at no point saw or heard Corrie. She was standing behind debris which obstructed the view of the driver and the driver had a very limited field of vision due to the protective cage he was working in," (June 26, 2003).

The Israeli army's investigation, led by the chief of the general staff of the IDF, found that Israeli forces were not guilty of any misconduct, (Guardian, April 14, 2003). [9] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,936327,00.html) The army's report, which was seen by the Guardian, says that Corrie was: "struck as she stood behind a mound of earth that was created by an engineering vehicle operating in the area and she was hidden from the view of the vehicle's operator who continued with his work. Corrie was struck by dirt and a slab of concrete resulting in her death." The report continues: "The finding of the operational investigations shows that Rachel Corrie was not run over by an engineering vehicle but rather was struck by a hard object, most probably a slab of concrete which was moved or slid down while the mound of earth which she was standing behind was moved."

The report also states that the army had not, in fact, intended to demolish a house, but was searching for explosives in the border area designated a security zone or "no man's land" by Israel. No houses were demolished on the day of Corrie's death, but one of the houses she believed she was protecting — the home of pharmacist Dr. Samid Nasrallah — was damaged six months later when the IDF knocked a hole in one of its walls. The IDF eventually demolished the house in January 2004, according to the charity Rebuilding Alliance, because it stood in the security zone. [10] (http://www.rebuildingalliance.org/wl/pj-rachel-corrie-house/archives/000216.html)

A spokesman for the IDF told the Guardian that, while it did not accept responsibility for Corrie's death, it intended to change its operational procedures to avoid similar incidents in the future. The level of command of similar operations would be raised, said the spokesman, and civilians in the area would be dispersed or arrested before operations began. Observers will be deployed and CCTV cameras will be installed on the bulldozers to compensate for blindspots, which may have contributed to Corrie's death.

The IDF gave copies of a detailed report entitled "The Death of Rachel Corrie" to members of the U.S. Congress in April 2003, and Corrie's family released the document to the media in June 2003, according to the Gannett News Service. [11] (http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20030614/frontpage/28005.shtml) However, in March 2004, the family maintained that the entire report had not been released, and that only they and two American staffers at the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv have been allowed to view it. The family say they were allowed to look at the report in the Israeli consulate in San Francisco. [12] (http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/03/18/seeking_answers_from_israel/) Commenting on the report, Richard LeBaron, the U.S. deputy chief of mission in Tel Aviv, said that "there are several inconsistencies worthy of note." [13] (http://www.criticalconcern.com/seeking_answers_from_israel_by_cynthia.htm) The ISM rejected the Israeli report stating it was contrary to eyewitness reports. Tom Wallace, an ISM spokesman, said that the Israel's investigation had been far from credible and transparent. [14] (http://palestinechronicle.com/article.php?story=20030415073448759)

Calls for a US investigation

On March 25, 2003, U.S. Representative Brian Baird introduced bill "H.R. 111" in the US Congress calling on the U.S. government to "undertake a full, fair, and expeditious investigation into the death of Rachel Corrie." [15] (http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20030801/frontpage/65830.shtml) The bill has little chance of being passed. [16] (http://www.counterpunch.org/dempsey03242004.html) The Corrie family continues to call for a U.S. investigation. [17] (http://www.criticalconcern.com/seeking_answers_from_israel_by_cynthia.htm)

Reactions

Corrie's death sparked controversy, in part because she was a U.S. citizen and the first Western activist to be killed in the Arab-Israeli conflict, and in part because of the highly politicized nature of the conflict itself.

Capt. Jacob Dallal, a spokesman for the Israeli army, called Corrie's death a "regrettable accident" and said that Corrie and the other ISM activists were "a group of protesters who were acting very irresponsibly, putting everyone in danger — the Palestinians, themselves and our forces — by intentionally placing themselves in a combat zone."

On March 17, Amnesty International USA condemned the death and called for an independent inquiry. Christine Bustany, their advocacy director for the Middle East, said that "U.S.-made bulldozers have been 'weaponized' and their transfer to Israel must be suspended."

Corrie's death has been condemned as the "murder" of a U.S. civilian by many of Corrie's supporters, who have contrasted U.S. government silence over the death to condemnation of the killing of three U.S. diplomats, allegedly by The Popular Resistance Committees, a Palestinian militant faction, in 2003.

Memorials

The ISM held a gathering to remember Corrie at Olympia's downtown Percival Landing, at 7 pm on the day she died.

Corrie's photograph continues to be used around the world in protests against Israel's actions in Gaza and the West Bank.

In Gaza

On March 18, there was a memorial service at the place where Corrie died, attended by between 40 and 100 people. The service was interrupted by an Israeli APC which fired tear gas and concussion grenades.

On April 25, 15 people, including British citizens Asif Hanif and Omar Khan Sharif, met at an ISM apartment in Rafah, Gaza before proceeding to the site of Corrie's death, where they placed a flower. Five days later, Hanif and Sharif carried out a suicide bombing of Mike's Place, a restaurant in Tel Aviv, killing three civilians. [18] (http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/05/suicide.bombers) The Israeli government imposed new restrictions on ISM activities based on the presence of the bombers at Corrie's memorial site.

In Rafah and elsewhere in the Palestinian territories, posters of Corrie were plastered to walls, with accompanying slogans such as "Rachel did not die. She lives in our hearts." She is one of the few non-Arabs to be treated in this way. A Palestinian couple, Salah and Rania Noureddine, have named their newborn child Rachel Corrie, saying that their daughter would be "a symbol for [them] and all honest people in the Arab world." On 15 July 2003, the Chicago Tribune reported that "to the people of Rafah, Rachel Corrie will always remain a very special martyr, their American martyr."

External links and references

• "Israeli report clears troops over US death" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,936327,00.html) by Conal Urquhart, The Guardian, April 14, 2003
• "Accounts of Corrie's death still conflict" (http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20030614/frontpage/28005.shtml) by Greg Barrett, Gannett News Service, The Olympian, June 14, 2003

• Rachel Corrie Memorial Website (http://www.criticalconcern.com/rachelcorrie.html)
• Rachel Corrie and ISM Links (http://www.landofisrael.info/News/2003/3/18/Rachel_Corrie_Links.html) - from landofisrael.info
• Statements and Eyewitness Reports (http://www.rachelcorrie.org/statements.htm) - list of links from an "In memoriam" site.
• No Cameras weblog - An Olympia resident writes about Corrie's death. [19] (http://www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000019.htm) [20] (http://www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000045.htm) [21] (http://www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000049.htm) [22] (http://www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000070.htm) [23] (http://www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000163.htm) [24] (http://www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000211.htm) [25] (http://www.google.co.il/search?q=cache:yCHkXMr4aKwJ:www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000019.htm+NO+Cameras+%2B+Rachel+Corrie&hl=iw&ie=UTF-8&inlang=iw) [26] (http://www.google.co.il/search?q=cache:CnnSuIZq2mUJ:www.blarg.net/~minsq/NCArchive/00000163.htm+NO+Cameras+%2B+Rachel+Corrie&hl=iw&ie=UTF-8&inlang=iw)
• "The death of Rachel Corrie: martyr, idiot, dedicated, deluded. Why did this American college student crushed by an Israeli bulldozer put her life on the line? And did it matter?" (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1329/is_5_28/ai_107897303/pg_1), by Joshua Hammer, Mother Jones, Sept-Oct, 2003
• "Rachel Corrie: Killed for Caring (http://tron.phpwebhosting.com/~ism/pressreleases/PR_16Sep03_12_08_24BethlehemISMMediaOffice.php), by the International Solidarity Movement Media Office, Sept 16, 2003
• "Peace Activists in the Middle East: Out of Their Depth" (http://www.jerusalemdiaries.com/article/83) by Judy Lash Balint, April 3, 2003

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