 Shri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa |
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Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa (February 18, 1836 - August 16, 1886) was a Bengali religious leader. A worshipper of Kali, he was a teacher of Advaita Vedanta Hinduism and preached that all religions lead to the same goal, placing spiritual religion above blind ritualism. The Hindu renaissance that India experienced in the 19th century may be said to have been spurred by his life and work.
Although the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj preceded the Ramakrishna Mission, their influence on a larger level was limited. With the emergence of the Mission, however, the situation changed dramatically. The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda, but it was his spiritual master, Ramakrishna, who indirectly provided the main impetus for this movement. The life and teachings of this man of God have had a tremendous impact on the world at large as well as on the people of India.
His experience of nirvikalpa samadhi (absorption in the all-encompassing Consciousness) gave Ramakrishna an understanding of the two sides of maya (illusion), to which he referred as avidyamaya and vidyamaya. He explained that avidyamaya represents the dark forces of creation (eg sensual desire, evil passions, greed, lust and cruelty), which sustain the world system on lower planes of consciousness. These forces are responsible for human entrapment in the round of birth and death, and they must be fought and vanquished.
Vidyamaya, on the other hand, represents the higher forces of creation (e.g. spiritual virtues, enlightening qualities, kindness, purity, love, and devotion), which elevate human beings to the higher planes of consciousness. With the help of vidyamaya, devotees can rid themselves of avidyamaya and achieve the ultimate goal of becoming mayatita - that is, free from maya.
This experience of nirvikalpa samadhi also convinced Ramakrishna that the Gods of the various religions are merely so many interpretations of the Absolute, and that the Ultimate Reality could never be expressed in human terms. This confirmed the Rigvedic proclamation that "Truth is one but sages call it by many a name". As a result of this insight, Ramakrishna actually spent periods of his life practising Islam, Christianity and various other Yogic and Tantric sects within Hinduism.
Like Adi Sankara had done more than a thousand years earlier, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa revitalized Hinduism which had been fraught with excessive ritualism and superstition in the nineteenth century and helped it better respond to challenges from Islam, Christianity and the dawn of the modern era.
The four key concepts in Ramakrishna's teachings were the following:
- the oneness of existence
- the divinity of human beings
- the unity of God
- the harmony of religions
A personal account of his life and teachings, is recorded by his disciple, Mahendranath Gupta, simply known as "M", in the Gospel of Ramakrishna.
It could be argued that Ramakrishna's vision of Hinduism, and its popularisation by western converts like Christopher Isherwood, have largely coloured western notions of what Hinduism is.
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