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Redistricting, known as redistribution in many Commonwealth countries, is the changing of political borders (in many countries, specifically the electoral district/constituency boundaries) usually in response to periodic census results. This takes place by law or constitution at least every decade in most representative democracy systems to maintain proportional representation.
A controversial approach to redistricting, gerrymandering, is the deliberate manipulation of political borders for short-term electoral advantage, usually of incumbents or a specific political party.
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