A root nameserver is a DNS server that answers requests for the root namespace domain, and redirects requests for a particular top-level domain to that TLD's nameservers.

All domain names on the Internet actually end in a . (period) character -- that is, technically, Wikipedia is actually hosted on the domain "www.wikipedia.org." (try it.) This final dot is implied, and all modern DNS software does not actually require that the final dot be included when attempting to translate a domain name to an IP address. The empty string after the final dot is called the root domain, and all other domains (i.e. .com, .org, .net, .uk, etc.) are contained within the root domain.

When a computer on the Internet wants to resolve a domain name, it works from right to left, asking each nameserver in turn about the element to its left. The root nameservers (which have responsibility for the . domain) know about which servers are responsible for the top-level domains. Each top-level domain (such as .org) has its own set of servers, which in turn delegate to the nameservers responsible for individual domain names (such as wikipedia), which in turn answer queries for IP addresses of subdomains (such as www).

In practice, most of this information doesn't change very often and gets cached, and DNS lookups to the root nameservers are relatively rare.

There are currently 13 root name servers, with names in the form letter.root-servers.net where letter ranges from A to M:

Letter	Old name	Operator	Location
A	ns.internic.net	VeriSign	Dulles, VA
B	ns1.isi.edu	ISI	Marina Del Rey, CA
C	c.psi.net	Cogent (http://www.cogent.com/)	Herndon, VA
D	terp.umd.edu	University of Maryland	College Park, MD
E	ns.nasa.gov	NASA	Mountain View, CA
F	ns.isc.org	ISC (http://www.isc.org/)	Palo Alto, CA
G	ns.nic.ddn.mil	U.S. DoD NIC	Vienna, VA
H	aos.arl.army.mil	U.S. Army Research Lab	Aberdeen, MD
I	nic.nordu.net	Autonomica (http://www.autonomica.se/)	Stockholm
J		VeriSign	Dulles, VA
K		RIPE	London
L		ICANN	Los Angeles
M		WIDE Project	Tokyo

Older servers had their own name before the policy of using similar names was established.

No more names can be used because of protocol limitations, but the C, F, I, J and K servers exist in multiple locations on different continents, using anycast announcements to provide a decentralized service. As a result most of the physical, rather than nominal, root servers are now outside the United States.

There are quite a few alternate namespace systems with their own set of root nameservers that exist in opposition to the mainstream nameservers. The first, AlterNIC, generated a substantial amount of press. See Alternate DNS root for more information.

See also:

• anycast

External links

• Root Server Technical Operations Association (http://www.root-servers.org/)
• DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee (http://www.rssac.org/)
• Bogus Queries received at the Root Servers (http://www.bind9.net/dnshealth/)
• RFC 2826 - IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root

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