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Rosamund Clifford (born about 1150; died about 1176), often called "The Fair Rosamund" or the "Rose of the World," was the long-time mistress of King Henry II of England, famous in English folklore.
The daughter of Walter Clifford, who had assumed the surname after taking possession of Clifford Castle on the river Wye, she first met the King when her father performed some service for him in the course of Henry's campaigns in Wales.
Children?
Historians are divided over whether or not Rosamund's relationship with the King produced children. The question is complicated by the difficulty of separating the facts of Rosamund's life from the profusion of legends surrounding it. Many historians have concluded that Rosamund most likely bore Henry a single child, but cannot identify it or even provide a specific date of birth. Some modern writers, including Alison Weir, are of the opinion that Rosamund had no children; but whether this means she never gave birth or merely that none of her children survived remains unclear.
Legend commonly attributes to Rosamund two of King Henry's favourite illegitimate sons, Geoffrey Plantagenet (1151-1212), Archbishop of York, and William Longsword (1176-1226), Earl of Salisbury. Of these, we can safely disgard Geoffrey. Henry and Rosamund met about 1166, and their relationship last until 1176. Geoffrey and Rosamund would therefore have been about the same age, and Geoffrey was therefore almost certainly the son of Ykenai the prostitute.
William of Salisbury's parentage is more problematic, however. Some authors, including Amy Kelly, Marion Meade, and Desmond Seward, believe he was born around the same time as Geoffrey, which would make him too old to be Rosamund's child, too. Other authorities believe he was not born until about 1176, which would fit better with his being married in 1198 and dying in 1226. Rosamund's affair with Henry did not become public knowledge until 1174, and William's name has not been found in any records before about 1188, so it is possible William was Rosamund's son and that his existence was kept quiet, just as she herself stayed quietly out of sight; it is even possible that William's birth was what shattered Rosamund's health, so that she went into Godstow in 1176 and died within months.
Other stories
Not much is known about Rosamund, but she is discussed in books about Eleanor of Aquitaine, Henry's Queen. The legends concerning her life abound, but few hard facts are available. The story that she was poisoned by a jealous Eleanor is certainly untrue, and so is the tale that Henry constructed the hunting lodge at Woodstock for her and surrounded it with a garden that was a labyrinth ("Rosamund's Bower," which was pulled down when Blenheim Palace was built nearby). During the Elizabethan era, the stories gained popularity, but the Ballad of Fair Rosamund by Thomas Delaney and the Complaint of Rosamund by Samuel Daniel (1592) are both purely fictional.
Authorities differ over whether Rosamund stayed quietly in seclusion at Woodstock while Henry was back and forth to his continental possessions or whether she traveled with him as a member of his household. If the former, the two of them could not have spent more than about a quarter of the time between 1166 and 1176 together. Historians do seem to agree, however, that Rosamund, who came into Henry's life just as Eleanor lost the ability to bear children, was Eleanor's opposite in personality, and that Henry and Rosamund truly did share a deep love.
Death and thereafter
Henry's liaison with Rosamund became public knowledge in 1174; it ended when she retired to the nunnery at Godstow in 1176, shortly before her death.
Henry and the Clifford family paid for her tomb in the choir of the convent's church and an endowment for it to be tended by the nuns, and it became a popular local shrine until 1191. In that year, two years after Henry's death, St. Hugh of Avalon, Bishop of Lincoln, while visiting Godstow noticed Rosamund's tomb right in front of the high altar. The tomb was laden with flowers and candles, demonstrating that the local people were still praying there. Calling Rosamund a harlot, the bishop ordered her remains removed from the church. Her tomb was moved outside of the abbey church itself to the cemetery at the nuns' chapter house next to it, where it could still be visited until it was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII of England.
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