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 Sega (セガ) is a video game software and hardware developer, and a former console manufacturer. The company has had success in both arcades and the home console market, but in late 2001, they left the consumer console business and began concentrating on software development for multiple platforms. Sega's main offices, as well as the main offices of its domestic division, Sega of Japan, are located in Ota, Tokyo, Japan. Sega's North American division, Sega of America, is headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States. It had moved from Redwood City, California in 1999. Sega's European division, Sega of Europe, is headquartered in the Chiswick area of London, England, United Kingdom.
HistorySega was originally founded in 1940 as Standard Games in Honolulu, Hawaii, by Martin Bromely, Irving Bromberg, and James Humpert to provide coin-operated amusements for American servicemen on military bases. Bromely suggested that the company move to Tokyo in 1951, and "Service Games of Japan" (SeGa) became registered in Japan in May of 1952. In 1954, another American businessman David Rosen fell in love with Tokyo and established his own company, Rosen Enterprises, Inc., in Japan to export art. When the company imported coin-operated instant photo booths, it stumbled on a surprise hit: The booths were very popular in Japan. Business was booming, and Rosen Enterprises expanded by importing coin-operated electro-mechanical games. Rosen Enterprises and Service Games merged in 1965 to become Sega Enterprises. Within a year, the new company released a submarine-simulator game called "Periscope" that became a smash-hit worldwide. In 1969, Gulf & Western Industries purchased Sega, and Rosen was allowed to remain CEO of the Sega division. Sega continued to grow and prosper. In the videogame arcades, Sega was known for creating Frogger and Zaxxon, and soon Sega split into two divisions, Sega of Japan and a North American division called Sega Enterprises Ltd., to handle the workload. In 1982, the two Sega divisions reaped a combined total of $214 million in revenue. Then came the video game crash of 1983. Hemorrhaging money, Gulf & Western sold the assets of the North American Sega division to Bally Manufacturing Corporation. Sega of Japan was purchased for $38 million by a group of investors led by Rosen and Hayao Nakayama, a Japanese businessman who owned a distribution company that had been acquired by Rosen in 1979. Nakayama became the new CEO of Sega, and Rosen became head of its subsidiary in the United States. In 1984, the multi-billion dollar Japanese conglomerate CSK bought Sega, and renamed it to Sega Enterprises Ltd., based in Japan, and two years later, shares of its stock were being traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. In 1986, Sega released the first Alex Kidd game. He would be their mascot until 1991, when they would replace him with Sonic the Hedgehog. In 2000, Sega Enterprises Ltd. was renamed Sega Corporation. During the middle of 2004, Sammy bought a controlling share in Sega Corporation at a cost of $1.1 billion, creating the new company Sega Sammy Holdings, one of the biggest games companies in the world. ConsolesSega became famous for manufacturing a number of consoles over the years:
FranchisesSega developed several well-known game franchises over the last fifteen years:
Sega after 2001Sega has fallen on hard times since the failure of the Sega Saturn in the late 1990s and with their unsuccessful attempt to stay in the market with the Dreamcast, which caused them to move out of hardware manufacturing, at least in the home console market; the arcade Sega Naomi units are still being produced. The company has evolved primarily into a platform-agnostic software company that creates games that will work on a variety of game consoles produced by other companies, including the Nintendo GameCube, Game Boy Advance, and DS, the Sony PlayStation 2, and the Microsoft Xbox. In 2003, Sega fell on extremely hard times, and after the death of CSK founder Isao Okawa in 2001, who spent over US$40 billion to help Sega, CSK put Sega on the auction block. The first suitor was Japan's Sammy who discussed a merger, but plans fell through. Discussions also took place with Namco, Electronic Arts and Microsoft. But in August 2003, Sammy bought the outstanding 22% of shares that CSK had, and Sammy chairman Hajime Satomi became CEO of Sega. With the Sammy chairman at the helm of Sega, it has been stated that Sega's activity will focus on its profit-making arcade business rather than its loss-making home software development. Sega recently bought the rights to all output from Sports Interactive, makers of Football Manager (the old Championship Manager). Internal structureInternally, the company is actually made up of various research and development teams, originally named AM1, AM2, AM3, etc. They now have more memorable monikers:
There is a healthy sense of competition between the various teams which has resulted in some of the most remarkable and innovative gaming events. Later, following a reshuffle Sega merged some of these teams together. Sammy has expressed an interest in merging the above teams back into Sega, and did so on July 1, 2004. PeopleYu Suzuki - Previously the head of AM2, and is attributed with being behind numerous arcade classics including Hang-On, OutRun, Virtua Fighter and more. In 1999, his first ever console-specific title, Shenmue, launched in Japan, and was the most expensive game ever produced. In 2003's internal restructure, he formed a new internal studio named Digitalrex, which was reintegrated into Sega before finishing any games. Yuji Naka - Heads up Sonic Team and is responsible for internal QA procedures. Naka made a name for himself in 1991 as lead programmer of Sonic the Hedgehog, though his previous work includes Phantasy Star. His titles since include NiGHTS into Dreams, Phantasy Star Online and Samba de Amigo. In 2004 his team was merged with United Game Artists, giving the team control over Rez and Space Channel 5. Toshihiro Nagoshi - Headed up Amusement Vision and is head of the Sega Creative Control centre. Mainly famed for arcade titles, his credits include Daytona USA, Spikeout and Super Monkey Ball. In 2003, he served as the producer for the Nintendo and Sega collaborative GameCube effort F-Zero GX alongside Shigeru Miyamoto. He has been a regular columnist for Edge Magazine in the UK. Historic legal caseSega lost the Sega v. Accolade case, which involved independently produced software for the Sega Genesis console that copied a small amount of Sega's code. The verdict set a precedent that copyrights do not extend to non-expressive content in software that is required by another system to be present in order for that system to run the software. The case in question stems from the nature of the console video game market. Hardware companies often sell their systems at or below cost, and rely on other revenue streams such as in this case, game licensing. Sega was attempting to "lock out" game companies from making Genesis games unless they paid Sega a fee (ostensibly to maintain a consistent level of quality of games for their system.) Their strategy was to make the hardware reject any cartridge that did not include a Sega trademark. If an unlicensed company included this trademark in their game (which they had to, if they wanted the game to work) Sega could sue the company for trademark infringement. Though Sega lost this lawsuit, the Sega Dreamcast seemed to incorporate a similar hardware requirement. Several webcomics have been produced starring the Sega characters, one of the more popular ones being That's My Sonic! External link
de:Sega el:Sega es:SEGA fr:Sega ja:セガ pt:SEGA sv:SEGA
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