The Afghan Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama) is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. It was created by the Constitution of Afghanistan, which was approved on January 4, 2004. It's creation was called for by the Bonn Agreement, which read in part:

The judicial power of Afghanistan shall be independent and shall be vested in a Supreme Court of Afghanistan, and such other courts as may be established by the Interim Administration.

The nine justices on the tribunal are appointed for 10-year terms by the president, with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of the nation's legislature. The president selects one of the nine members to serve as Chief Justice. The Afghan Constitution allows for judges to be trained in either civil or Islamic law. Matters of law with no provision in the constitution or other standing laws shall be judged by the Hanifi jurisprudence. The judiciary shall apply the Shia school of law in cases dealing with personal matters of those who are of the Shia sect, where applicable.

The Court is presently dominated by conservative religious figures and its Chief Justice, Fazal Hadi Shinwari, in particular has been described as "ultra conservative." Several of its recent rulings have disappointed reform-minded Afghanis and people in the Western world. For instance:

• the court, during the 2004 presidential election campaign, sought to ban a candidate who questioned whether polygamy was in keeping with the spirit of Islam;
• they have called for an end to cable television service in the country, at least pending government regulation, due in part to the apparent influence of films from Bollywood, which were allegedly prurient [1] (http://www.hrea.org/lists/huridocs-tech/markup/msg00917.html);
• the court upheld the death penalty for two journalists convicted of blasphemy for saying the Islam being practised in the country was reactionary [2] (http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=7706);
• they banned women from singing on television [3] (http://www.why-war.com/news/2002/08/31/afghansu.html); and
• they ruled that a girl, given as a bride when 9 years old and now 13, could not get a divorce from her abusive husband, notwithstanding a law that makes it illegal for girls under 16 to marry [4] (http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/attack/48031.php).

Some Afghan watchers believe that President Hamid Karzai will make reforming the nation's Supreme Court a goal in his first term as democratically elected president.

See also: Politics of Afghanistan