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A thermometer is a device used to measure temperatures or temperature changes.
Kinds of thermometers
There are many different thermometers relying on different principles. These include:
See also Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology.
Medical thermometers
A medical/clinical thermometer showing the temperature of 38.7 The traditional method of measuring human body temperatures was with a Mercury-in-glass thermometer whose tip was inserted either into the mouth (oral temperature), under the armpit (axilliary temperature) or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature).
Oral temperatures may only be used on patients that are capable of holding the thermometer correctly in their mouth securely, which excludes small children or people who cough too much or vomit (this is now less of a problem with fast-reacting digital thermometers, but was certainly an issue with mercury thermometers taking minutes to register a temperature). Another counter-indication is if the patient has drunk a hot or cold liquid beforehand, in which case one has to wait or use another method.
In the case of rectal temperatures, insertion, especially by another person than the patient, should be preferably done with lubrication such as petroleum jelly (now discouraged) or a water-based personal lubricant. Rectal temperatures are the most precise method, in general, but in some cultures (such as the United States) they are found too embarrassing to be applied to patients older than a few years. Rectal temperatures are still often considered the method of choice for infants.
In the 1990s, mercury thermometers were found too risky to handle and have largely been replaced with electronic thermometers, or, more rarely, thermometers based on liquids other than mercury. Both kinds may be used orally, axilliarily, or rectally.
Other kinds of medical thermometers exist: tympanic thermometers measure the temperature of the tympan by infrared measurement; band thermometers are applied to the patient's brow.
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