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The Togolese Republic is a country in West Africa, bordering Ghana in the west, Benin in the east and Burkina Faso in the north. In the south, it has a small Gulf of Guinea coast, on which the capital Lomé is located.
HistoryMain Article: History of Togo Togo was until 1918 a German colony. French Togoland became Togo in 1960 after the expiration of the French-administered UN trusteeship on April 27 of that year. Despite the facade of multiparty rule instituted in the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated by the military, which has maintained its power almost continuously since 1967. The first president of Togo, Sylvanus Olympio (1901-1963) took office as soon as Togo gained independence in 1960. When he refused to let 626 Togolese veterans of the French army, many of whom had fought in Indochina and Algeria, join Togo's army, they deposed him in a military coup on January 13, 1963. He was killed the next day. A civilian president, Nicolas Grunitzky (1913-1969) was installed, but exactly four years later, there was another military coup. Grunitzky fled the country and was killed in a car crash in the Côte d'Ivoire. One of the original veterans from the 1963 coup, Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1937-2005), was president from 1967 until his death in 2005. He was nearly defeated in the 1998 election by Gilchrist Olympio, son of Sylvanus Olympio. Eyadéma was reelected again in 2003 after the constitution was changed to eliminate term limits. Following the announcement of Eyadema's death his son Faure Eyadéma was named by Togo's military as the country's leader, raising numerous eyebrows. The constitution of Togo declares that in the case of the president's death, the speaker of Parliment takes his place, and has 60 days to call new elections. However, on February 6th, Parliment changed the Constitution, placing Faure in power until his father's term ends, in 2008. At that point, he will be forced to hold elections. The African Union has described the takeover as a military coup-d'état. [1] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4241001.stm) GeographyMain article: Geography of Togo Togo is located in Western Africa. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south. Ghana lies to the west, Benin to the east. To the north Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. In the north there is gently rolling savannah. in the centre of the country there are hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a plateau which reaches to a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. EconomyMain article: Economy of Togo This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition.  Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays), and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid, along with depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Assuming no deterioration of the political atmosphere, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2000 - 2001. PoliticsMain article: Politics of Togo Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President Eyadema, who ruled Togo under a one-party system for nearly 25 of his 37 years in power, died February 5, 2005. Under the constitution, the speaker of parliament, Fanbare Ouattara Natchaba, should have become president, pending a new election. Nevertheless, the army announced that Eyadema's son Faure Eyadema, who had been the communications minister, would succeed him. The stated justification was that Natchaba was out of the country. [2] (http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1107659938613). The government also moved to remove Natchaba as speaker and replace him with Eyadema. [3] (http://www.republicoftogo.com/fr/news/news.asp?rubID=4&srubID=75&themeID=1&newsID=9170) Faure Eyadema, also known as Faure Gnassingbe, was sworn in on February 7, 2005, despite the international criticism of the sucession. [4] (http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/afp/20050207/wl_afp/togopolitics_050207180309) CultureMain article: Culture of Togo See also: Music of Togo, List of writers from Togo See also
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