Panavia Tornado GR4
Description
Role	Ground attack/reconnaissance/SEAD
Crew	2
First Flight	August 14 1974
Entered Service	June 5 1979
Manufacturer	BAE SYSTEMS (British versions)
Dimensions
Length	16.7 m	54 ft 10 in
Wingspan 67&deg sweep	8.6 m	28 ft 3 in
Wingspan 25&deg sweep	13.9 m	45 ft 8 in
Height	5.95 m	19 ft 6 in
Wing Area	26.6 m²	286.3 ft²
Weights
Empty	20,410 kg	45,000 lb
Loaded	29,410 kg	64,840 lb
Maximum Takeoff	28,000 kg	61,700 lb
Capacity
Powerplant
Engines	2 x Turbo-Union RB199 turbofans
Dry thrust	40.5 kN	9100 lbf
Afterburner thrust	71.2 kN	16,000 lbf
Performance
Maximum Speed	2,336 km/h	1,452 mph
Combat Range	1,480 km	800 n mi
Ferry Range	3,800 km	2,360 miles
Service Ceiling	> 15,200 m	50,000 ft
Rate of Climb	4600 m/min	15,000 ft/min
Wing Loading	kg/m²	lb/ft²
Thrust/Weight	N/kg	lbf/lb at normal takeoff weight
Power/Mass	kW/kg	hp/lb
Avionics
Avionics
Armament
Guns	1 x 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon
Missiles	AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-132 ASRAAM, Storm Shadow, ALARM, Brimstone
Bombs	Paveway LGBs, Dumb bombs
Other	RAPTOR Reconnaissance pod, TIALD Laser designator

The Tornado GR4 is a Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) used for low-level penetration to attack ground targets. It said to be the most effective fighter-bomber in service.

Contents

1 History 2 Military Operations 3 Roles 4 Specifications 5 Units

History

The Tornado programme first began with Tornado GR1s, which were built by a tri-national company (Panavia). As early as 1984 the UK Ministry of Defence began studies of a Mid-Life Update (MLU) of the aircraft. The GR4 upgrade was not approved until 1994, which was revised to include lessons learned from the GR1's performance in the 1991 Gulf War. One major change was the move from low level penetration to medium level attacks, while maintaining the low level capability. The contracts were signed in 1994 for the upgrade of 142 GR1s to GR4 standard, work began in 1996 and finished in 2003. Upgrades to the more than twenty-year old aircraft included, FLIR (Forward-Looking InfraRed), a wide-angle HUD (Heads-Up Display), improved cockpit displays, NVG (Night Vision Goggle) capabilities, new avionics and weapons systems, updated computer systems, and a Global Positioning System. The updated weapons system allowed integration of the latest offensive weapons, for example the Storm Shadow and Brimstone missiles.

Military Operations

The Tornado GR4 made its operational debut in patrols during Operation Southern Watch. The aircraft flew from Ali al Salem in Kuwait, and patrolled a large part of southern Iraq. Several times bombs were dropped when the aircraft were fired upon by Iraqi ground defences.

Its full wartime debut came in Operation Telic, the British part of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The aircraft, according to all indications in the public domain, performed well. The campaign in Iraq marked a number of firsts for the aircraft. No. 617 Squadron debuted the Storm Shadow Missile, and enhanced Paveway Missiles were used in an anti-runway capacity.

Roles

The Tornado GR4's main function is ground attack (generally low to medium-level bombing) using the full range of air-to-ground munitions. Typical missions include precision strike (e.g. Paveway/Storm Shadow) and Supression of Enemy Air Defence (e.g. ALARM missile or LGB attacks on Command & Control.)

The GR4 will be replaced in RAF service by the Future Offensive Air System. This could be a manned aircraft, a UAV or cruise missile (possible Storm Shadow) based weapons system. It is unlikely to be based on neither the Eurofighter Typhoon nor F-35 JSF as neither have range, payload or survivabilty capabilities of the Tornado.

Specifications

Powerplant: Two Turbo-Union RB199-103 Turbofans
Wingspan: 13.9 m (fully spread)
Length: 16.7 m
Max Speed: 2,336 km/h (Mach 2.2) at 11,000 m altitude
Accommodation: Pilot and Navigator
Armament: One Mauser 27 mm cannon and up to 18,000 lb (8,000 kg) of ordnance.

Units

• No. 9 Squadron - RAF Marham
• No. 12 Squadron - RAF Lossiemouth
• No. 14 Squadron - RAF Lossiemouth
• No. XV (Reserve) Squadron - RAF Lossiemouth
• No. 31 Squadron - RAF Marham
• No. 617 Squadron - RAF Lossiemouth

Variants
RAF Tornado GR1 - RAF Tornado GR1A - RAF Tornado GR1B - RAF Tornado F2 - RAF Tornado F3 - RAF Tornado GR4 - RAF Tornado GR4A

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