Treaty ports were port cities opened by unequal treaties in modern China. The first five treaty ports were set up by Nanjing Treaty in 1842. The second group was set up following the Arrow War ended in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China.
Foreigners, who centered in a foreign sections newly built on the edge of Chinese port cities, enjoyed extraterritoriality stipulated by unequal treaties. Foreign club, race course, and church were institutionalized in major treaty ports. Besides several port areas were directly leased by foreign powers.
Major treaty ports
- Shanghai
- Jiangsu Province:Nanjing, Zhenjiang
- Jiangxi Province:Jiujiang
- Hubei Province:Hankou, Shashi, Yichang
- Hunan Province:Changsha, Yuezhou
- Sichuan Province:Chongqing
- Zhejiang Province:Ningpo, Wenzhou
- Fujian Province:Fuzhou, Amoy
- Taiwan Province:Danshui, Tainan
- Guangdong Province:Guangzhou, Shantou, Sanshui, Haikou
- Guangxi Province:Beihai, Nanning
- Yunnan Province:Mengzi, Simao, Dengyue
- Shandong Province:Yantai
- Hebei Province:Tianjin
- Liaoning Province:Niuzhuang( Later, Yingkou ), Shenyang
- Jilin Province:Changchun, Hunchun
- Heilongjiang Province:Harbin, Aihun, Manzhouli
Leased territories
