Unequal Treaties (China) - Definition and Overview

The "Unequal Treaties" (lit. Chinese: 不平等條約) were a series of treaties signed by the Qing Empire in China and foreign powers (Chinese: 列強) during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was denoted "unequal" because in most cases China was forced to pay astronomical amounts reparation following military defeats, open up ports, cede lands, and make various concessions to foreign "spheres of influence."

List of major Unequal Treaties

• Treaty of Nanking (南京條約) (1842)
• Treaty of Aigun (璦琿條約) (1858)
• Treaty of Tientsin (天津條約) (1858)
• Treaty of Shimonoseki (馬關條約) (1895)
• Convention of Peking (北京條約) (1860)
• Second Convention of Peking (1898)
• Treaty of 1901 (辛丑條約) (1901)
• Twenty-One Points (二十一條)(1915)
• Treaty of Peking (with Portugal) (中葡北京條約)

External Links

TREATY PORTS & EXTRATERRITORIALITY IN 1920s CHINA (http://www.geocities.com/treatyport01/TREATY01.html)