Uriel Acosta (1585–1640) was a philosopher from Portugal.

Acosta was born in Oporto, with the name Gabriel da Costa. His family was Jewish, but had converted to Catholicism. He convinced his family to convert back to Judaism and they had to move to Amsterdam. There (like Spinoza) he was persecuted by the Jewish authorities for his rationalist philosophical views. He published a book, Exemplar humanae vitae, in which he wrote about his experience as a victim of intolerance, and committed suicide.

The German writer Karl Gutzkow (1811–1878), in 1846, in the midst of the liberal milieu that led to the Revolutions of 1848 wrote a play about his life, entitled simply Uriel Acosta.

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