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Hip hop is a cultural movement encompassing four forms of expression: graffiti art, breakdancing, DJing and rapping. The latter two compose hip hop music, a popular style that was developed in the 1970s in New York City, among African American audiences. For many years, hip hop remained known only in a few neighborhoods in New York, but it began to spread to nearb urban areas like Philadelphia and New Jersey. By the end of the decade, hip hop was known in many of the United States' most populous cities. During the early to mid-1980s, hip hop underwent regional diversification, while New York-based East Coast hip hop attained the first national recognition for recorded hip hop. Cities like Miami, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Detroit, Atlanta and Chicago developed their own styles, incorporated local influences. Beginning with N.W.A., West Coast rap, based out of Los Angeles, became a mainstream success. For the first time, New York was not the only city on the hip hop map. The two were rivals in many ways, fueling the East Coast-West Coast rivalry. In the late 1990s, many cities saw their own scenes find popular acclaim. These included Atlanta, St. Louis and New Orleans.
AtlantaMain article: Music of Georgia In the late 1990s, a wave of Atlanta-based performers like Goodie Mob and Outkast gained some national renown. By the early 2000s, Outkast had become critical darlings and the Southern rap-inspired Dirty South style was a major component of popular hip hop. BaltimoreMain article: Music of Maryland BostonMain article: Music of Massachusetts HonoluluMain article: Music of Hawaii ChicagoMain article: Music of Illinois The first Chicago hip hop record was the "Groovy Ghost Show" by Casper, released in 1980 and a distinctively Chicago sound began by 1982, with Caution and Plee Fresh. Chicago also saw the development of house music (a form of electronic dance music) in the early 1980s and this soon mixed with hip hop and began featuring rappers; this is called hip house, and gained some national popularity in the late 1980s and early 90s. The Chicago underground scene produced several major acts, beginning with Paris. DenverMain article: Music of Colorado DetroitMain article: Music of Michigan Detroit's earliest forays into recorded hip hop were in the field of ghettotech, a fusion of techno music and Miami bass. Later, nationally-renowned performers like Insane Clown Posse, Kid Rock and Eminem made Detroit an industry center. Los Angeles: West Coast hip hopMain articles: West Coast hip hop, Music of California In the early 1980s, recorded hip hop from Los Angeles began. There were two styles. One was hardcore hip hop vocalists, like Ice-T, King Tee and Toddy Tee, while the others performed a kind of electronic dance music called electro hop; these included the Arabian Prince, Egyptian Lover and World Class Wreckin' Cru. Though there was no major acclaim until the very end of the 80s, West Coast artists did grown in stature during the middle of the decade. These hits included Ice-T's "6'n da Mornin'" (1986), one of the first gangsta rap songs, and Toddy Lee's "Batter". Ice-T's Rhyme Pays (1987) brought critical acclaim for the West Coast. With the success of N.W.A. and the Posse soon after, West Coast hip hop moved quickly towards the mainstream. N.W.A.'s Straight Outta Compton completely the transition to the forefront of American popular hip hop, but it was 1992's The Chronic by Dr. Dre that established the style's permanence. The Chronic was the beginning of what was known as G-funk, and came to include such stars as Snoop Doggy Dogg and Warren G. Its release came at a pivotal period, simultaneous with the release of Nirvana's Nevermind, and American music went through a watershed moment. There was a backlash against the late 1980s heavy metal bands, which were seen as cheap and formulaic. Nirvana and Dr. Dre shared an anti-establishment attitude which resonated with the country's youth. MiamiMain article: Music of Florida Miami is best-known for a bass-heavy form of hip hop called Miami bass. It had a brief brush with national fame in the late 1980s, aided by a censorship controversy surrounding the crew 2 Live Crew. New JerseyMain article: Music of New Jersey New OrleansMain article: Music of Louisiana New York City: East Coast hip hopMain articles: East Coast hip hop, Music of New York New York City was the birthplace of hip hop, and all of its prime early movers, like DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa. The city also produced all of the style's early stars, like LL Cool J and Kurtis Blow. By the beginning of the 1990s, however, the West Coast had eclipsed New York in popular success. This began a rivalry which culminated in the deaths of New York MC Notorious B.I.G. and West Coast rapper Tupac Shakur. In the middle of the decade, Puff Daddy led the return of East Coast rap to popular acclaim with a very pop-oriented approach to hip hop. The East Coast also bred several hard-edged stars during this time, like Busta Rhymes, DMX and Nas, culminating in the breakthrough of Jay-Z late in the decade. New York also produced a vital underground in the Native Tongues Posse, led by alternative hip hop crew A Tribe Called Quest. PhoenixMain article: Music of Arizona PittsburghMain article: Music of Pennsylvania SeattleMain article: Music of Washington St. LouisMain article: Music of Missouri HoustonMain article: Music of Texas Washington D.C.Main article: Music of Washington D.C. Washington D.C. is best known for its distinct dance music called go go, which arose as a fusion of funk with rapping. Chuck Brown is the best-known performer of go go.
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