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The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic energy at a particular wavelength λ (in vacuum) has an associated frequency ν and photon energy E. These quantities are related according to the equations:
and
where c is the speed of light (3×108 m/s) h = 6.626 × 10−34 J·s is Planck's constant, or, in alternative units, h = 4.136 μeV/GHz.
In the branch of physics called electromagnetic spectroscopy, the spectra of radiation absorbed and emitted by matter is used to obtain information about matter. ClassificationsWhile the classification scheme is generally accurate, in reality there is often some overlap between neighboring types of electromagnetic energy. For example, SLF radio waves at 60 Hz may be received and studied by astronomers, or may be ducted along wires as Electric Power. Also, some low-energy gamma rays actually have a longer wavelength than some high-energy X-rays. This is possible because "gamma ray" is the name given to the photons generated from nuclear decay or other nuclear and subnuclear processes, whereas X-rays on the other hand are generated by electronic transitions involving highly energetic inner electrons. Therefore the distinction between gamma ray and X-ray is related to the radiation source rather than the radiation wavelength. Generally, nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions, so usually, gamma-rays are more energetic than X-rays. However, there are a few low-energy nuclear transitions (e.g. the 14.4 keV nuclear transition of Fe-57) that produce gamma rays that are less energetic than some of the higher energy X-rays. Use of the radio frequency spectrum is regulated by governments. This is called frequency allocation. Electric powerElectric power covers the low-frequency, long-wavelength end of the spectrum. The radiation is usually ducted along 2-wire and 3-wire transmission lines and sent to various devices besides antennas. At zero frequency the energy is emitted by batteries and DC power supplies, while at 50 Hz and 60 Hz it is produced by rotary magnetic generators and ducted through the international power grids. At frequencies between 20 Hz to 30 kHz the EM energy is translated to and from acoustic energy and is distributed over telephone lines, as well as being used to operate loudspeakers for public address or in music systems. Note that other than its frequency, there is no physical difference between the VHF energy guided along a television coaxial cable, versus the 60 Hz travelling along the cord leading to a light bulb. When connected to the appropriate antenna, both will radiate into space. Radio waves
Radio waves generally are utilized by antennas of reasonable size, so their wavelengths range from hundreds of meters to about one millimeter. Different parts of the radio spectrum are called bands. Common names for the different bands may refer to the wavelength, relative frequency or the type of transmission commonly used. They are used for transmission of data, via modulation. Television, mobile phones, wireless networking and amateur radio all use Radio Waves. Common radio bands include: Extremely low frequency (ELF) bandwidthExtremely low frequency or ELF refers to the band of radio frequencies from 3 to 300 Hz. Very low frequency (VLF)Very low frequency or VLF refers to radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 3 to 30 kHz. Long waveLongwave radio frequencies are those below 500 kHz, which correspond to wavelengths longer than 600 meters. Medium wave (AM)Often called the AM band because it is used for short range AM broadcasting. Shortwave (HF or high frequency)Use was popularized when it was discovered that high frequency radio waves could skip long distances with relatively little power and smaller antennas including directional antennas. The most popular transmission formats are AM broadcasts and Single Side Band two-way communications. Very high frequency (VHF)Includes FM radio broadcasting and American television channels 2 to 13. Ultra high frequency (UHF)Includes American television channels 14 to 69. MicrowavesThe super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high frequency (EHF) of Microwaves come next. Microwaves are waves which are typically short enough to employ tubular metal waveguides of reasonable diameter. Microwave energy is produced with Klystron and Magnetron tubes, and with solid state diodes such as Gunn and IMPATT devices. Microwaves are absorbed by molecules that have a dipole moment in liquids. In a microwave oven, this effect is used to heat food. Low-intensity microwave radiation is used in Wi-Fi. It should be noted that an average Microwave oven in active condition is, in close range, powerful enough to cause interference with poorly shielded electromagnetic fields such as those found in mobile medical devices and cheap consumer electronics. Currently no efficient sources exist for microwave energy at the high end of the band, sub-millimeter waves or so-called terahertz waves, so this portion of the EM spectrum is relatively unused at present. Infrared radiationThe infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:
Visible radiation (light)
After infrared comes visible light. This is the range in which the sun and stars similar to it emit most of their radiation. It is probably not a coincidence that the human eye is sensitive to the wavelengths that the sun emits most strongly. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. Ultraviolet lightNext comes ultraviolet. This is radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum. Being very energetic, UV can break chemical bonds, make molecules unusually reactive or ionize them, in general changing their mutual behavior. Sunburn, for example, is caused by the disruptive effects of UV radiation on skin cells, which can even cause skin cancer, if the radiation damages the complex DNA molecules in the cells (UV radiation is a proved mutagen). The Sun emits a large amount of UV radiation, which could quickly turn Earth into a dead desert, but most of it is absorbed by the atmosphere's ozone layer before reaching the surface. X-raysAfter UV come X-rays. Hard X-rays are of shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays. X-rays are used for seeing through some things and not others, as well as for high-energy physics and astronomy. Black holes and neutron stars emit x-rays, which enable us to study them. Gamma raysAfter hard X-rays come gamma rays. These are the most energetic photons, having no lower limit to their wavelength. They are useful to astronomers in the study of high-energy objects or regions and find a use with physicists thanks to their penetrative ability and their production from radioisotopes. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy by means of Compton scattering. Note that there are no defined boundaries between the types of electromagnetic radiation. Some wavelengths have a mixture of the properties of two regions of the spectrum. For example, red light resembles infra-red radiation in that it can resonate some chemical bonds. See alsoExternal links
da:Elektromagnetisk spektrum de:Elektromagnetisches Spektrum es:Espectro electromagnético fr:Spectre électromagnétique nl:Elektromagnetisch spectrum fi:sähkömagneettinen spektri |
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