Sogdiana (Sugdiane, O. Pers. Sughuda) was a province of the Achaemenian Empire, the eighteenth in the list in the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great (i. 16), corresponding to the modern districts of Samarkand and Bokhara (in modern day Uzbekistan).

It lays north of Bactria between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), and embraced the fertile valley of the Zarafshan (anc. Polytimetus). Alexander the Great united Sogdiana with Bactria in to one satrapy. Subsequently it formed part of the Bactrian Greek kingdom, founded by Diodotus, until the Scythians occupied it in the middle of the third century BCE.

The valley of the Zarafshan about Samarkand retained even in the Middle Ages the name of the Soghd O Samarkand. Arabic geographers reckon it as one of the four fairest districts in the world.

Today's Tajiks are the descendants of Sogdians and Bactrians.

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This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

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